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. 2024 Oct 17;15:1408244. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1408244

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Copyright © 2024 Maggioni, Sibgatulin, Krämer, Güllmar and Reichenbach.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Boxplots of ROI-averaged f, $D_{xy}$ , D _z, and D* in the multifidus (top row) and erector spinae (bottom row) muscles of the three cohorts analyzed in this work. * indicates significance at p < 0.05 between indicated cohorts.