Table 3.
Outcomes used to assess clinical remission and potential immune resolution in included trials.
| Disease | Clinical Remission Markers | Markers of Potential Immune Resolution |
|---|---|---|
| Atopic Dermatitis | • IGA 0/1 and EASI-75 (26) | • IL-22 serum levels (24, 25) • T helper (Th)1/Th2/Th17/Th22 gene expression (24) • Markers of general inflammation: MMP12, hyperplasia K16, Th2 immune response (C-C motif chemokine ligand [CCL]17, CCL18, CCL26), and Th17/Th22 immune response (S100 calcium-binding protein A8, A9, and A12 [S100A8, S100A9, S100A12]) ( 26) |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | • DAS28 or DAS28-ESR (14, 28, 30–32) • DAS28-ESR<2.6 (11, 13, 29) • DAS28-CRP ≤ 2.6 (33) • CDAI ≤ 2.8 (33) • Reduction in DMARD daily dose (methotrexate, leflunomide, or hydroxychloroquine) (28) |
• Treg counts and/or percentage (13, 14, 27–33) • Th17 counts and/or percentage (13, 14, 27–30, 32, 33) • Th17/Tc17 ratio (33) • Th17/Treg ratio (14, 31) • Th1 counts (30, 32) • Tfh counts (32) • CD4 downmodulation (11) • CD56bri NK cell counts (27), IL-17A, IFN-γ, and IL-21 levels (27) |
| SLE | • SELENA-SLEDAI ≤2 (38) • Prednisone tapered ≥ 50% (45) • Reduction in prednisone daily dose (34–36, 38) • Imbalanced Tfh and Tfr cell association with disease activity (12) |
• Treg counts and/or percentage (12, 15, 34–38) • Th17 counts and/or percentage (35, 36) • Th17/Treg ratio (12, 35, 36) • Tfh counts (37) • Levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-17) (34, 37) • C3-C4 complement levels (34) • Cell counts of different B-cell populations (39) |
| Ulcerative Colitis | • Mayo score ≤2, rectal bleeding score of 0, and endoscopy ≤1 (10) | • Mucosal proinflammatory gene signature (TNF, IL1A, REG1A, IL8, IL1B, and LILRA) (10) |
CCL, chemokine ligand; CDAI, Clinical Disease Activity Index; DAS28, Disease Activity Score-28 joints; DAS28-CRP, Disease Activity Score-28 joints-C-reactive protein; DAS28-ESR, Disease Activity Score-28 joints‐erythrocyte sedimentation rate; DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug; EASI, Eczema Area and Severity Index; IFN, interferon; IGA, Investigator Global Assessment; IL, interleukin; IL1A, interleukin 1 alpha; IL1B, interleukin 1 beta; K, keratin; LILRA, leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors A; MMP, matrix metallopeptidase; NK, natural killer; REG1A, regenerating family member 1 alpha; SELENA-SLEDAI, Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; Tfh, T follicular helper cells; Tfr, T follicular regulatory cells; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; Treg, regulatory T-cells.