Extended Data Fig. 5. ‘V’ spring force sensors.
a. Confocal time series showing progressive deformation of a double ‘V’ iMeSH between chick neural folds. Green arrows indicate the direction of force application. Force values are those calculated from an individualised FEM models in (B). Scale bar = 100 μm. b. Individualised FEM models for the iMeSH shape in (A) showing agreement between empirically observed and modelled shape deformation. c. Force-displacement modelling of a double ‘V’ spring shape contrasted with a simple cylinder shape. Note the highly non-linear relationship of the ‘V’ springs compared with a cylinder shape. d. Visualisation of extreme deformation of an idealised iMeSH cylinder, exceeding deformations observed in vivo, compressed up to a 46% reduction of the initial diameter. This deformed configuration corresponds to a maximum local strain of 20%. Ad-hoc FEM models are required for higher deformation ranges.