Table 2.

Criteria used to classify papers on co-infection in animals and humans as providing either direct or indirect evidence.

Diagnostic assays		Clinical findings consistent with TBDs		Co-infection classification
Molecular techniques	Serology tests	Yes	No	Direct evidence	Indirect evidence
✔		✔		✔
✔			✔		✔
✔	✔	✔		✔
✔	✔		✔		✔
	✔	✔		✔
	✔		✔		✔

Notes: Direct observation of pathogens by microscopy or microbiological bioassays cultures, without relying on the above criteria, provides direct evidence and confirms active co-infection. The ticks in the table indicate the presence of diagnostic tests, clinical findings, or evidence related to TBDs, with each tick corresponding to specific categories of assays, findings, or evidence types.