Table 4.
Summary of co-infection studies presenting direct evidence. All reported co-infection studies included clinical examinations.
| Reference | Country | No. of samples evaluated | Animal species | Diagnostic method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abas et al. (2021) | Egypt | 670 | Cattle/buffalo | ‣Molecular: RT-qPCR to confirm FMD and LSD; |
| ‣Examination of blood samples (blood smears) for Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Anaplasma spp.; | ||||
| ‣Lymph node biopsy examination: Theileria spp. | ||||
| Andersson et al. (2017) | Sweden | 71 | Cattle | ‣Molecular: Real-time PCR |
| Al-Hosary et al. (2020) | Egypt | 394 | Cattle/buffalo | ‣Microscopical examination; |
| ‣Serological tests: ELISA for detection of antibodies of A. marginale; | ||||
| ‣Molecular: Real-time PCR: A. marginale; RLB + PCRs: Theileria spp., Babesia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp., Rickettsia spp. and Midichloria mitochondrii; | ||||
| ‣Blood smears | ||||
| Attipa et al. (2018) | Cyprus | 50 with clinical leishmaniosis | Dogs | ‣Molecular: qPCR + ELISA: Leishmania infantum; PCR: Ehrlichia/Anaplasma. spp., Babesia spp., Hepatozoon spp. |
| Kordick et al. (1999) | USA | 27 | Dogs | ‣Serological: Microimmunofluorescence test for antibodies against Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis Ark, Ehrlichia equi NY, Rickettsia rickettsii Domino, Babesia canis, Bartonella vinsonii subspecies berkhoffii 93-CO-1; |
| ‣Molecular: PCR for the detection of Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis, Rickettsia spp., Bartonella spp. | ||||
| Bouzouraa et al. (2016) | Mediterranean Basin | 28 | Dogs | ‣Molecular: Multiplex PCR for the detection of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Babesia spp., Theileria spp., Hepatozoon spp., and/or Leishmania spp. |