TABLE 1.
Material properties of the cervical finite element model.
| Component | Element type | Constitutive model | Yong's modulus (MPa) | Poisson's ratio | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortical bone |
C3D4 C3D8 |
Isotropic elastic | E = 10 000 | ν = 0.3 | [12] |
| Cancellous bone | C3D4 | Neo‐Hookean | E = 100 | ν = 0.3 | [13] |
| Bone graft | C3D4 | Neo‐Hookean | E = 100 | ν = 0.3 | [13] |
| Nucleus pulposus | C3D8H | Mooney‐Rivlin | C 10 = 0.12, C 01 = 0.09, D 1 = 0 | – | [14] |
| Annulus ground substance | C3D8H | Mooney‐Rivlin | C 10 = 0.1333, C 01 = 0.0333, D 1 = 0.6 | – | [13] |
| Annulus fibers | T3D2 | Hypeoelastic | 350–550 | ν = 0.3 | [15] |
| Ligaments (ALL, PLL, ISL, LF, CL) | Spring | Nonlinear elastic | – | – | [16] |
| Cage (PEEK) | C3D4 | Linear elastic | E = 3760 | ν = 0.38 | [15] |
| Zero‐P device (PEEK) | C3D4 | Linear elastic | E = 3760 | ν = 0.38 | [15] |
| Plate and Screws (titanium alloy) | C3D4 | Linear elastic | E = 110 000 | ν = 0.3 | [2] |
| Bryan disc (titanium alloy) | |||||
| Outer shell (titanium alloy) | C3D8 | Linear elastic | E = 110 000 | v = 0.3 | [9] |
| Nucleus | C3D8 | Linear elastic | E = 30 | v = 0.45 | [9] |
Abbreviations: ALL, anterior longitudinal ligament; CL, capsular ligament; ISL, interspinous ligament; LF, ligamentum flavum, PLL, posterior longitudinal ligament; Zero‐P, zero‐profile.