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. 2024 Oct 30;14:26092. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-77260-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Microbial diversity in the liver of patients with HCC. (A) Rarefaction curves of the four groups demonstrating saturation: Non-tumor (NT), mUICC stage I (I), mUICC stage II (II), and mUICC stage III (III). The x-axis represents the number of sampled sequences, and y-axis represents the observed amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs). (B) Alpha diversity boxplots are illustrated for the observed ASVs, Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (Faith’s PD), Shannon, and Pielou’s evenness indices. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was conducted using a one-tailed Student’s t-test (*p < 0.05) compared to the NT group. (C) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plots generated based on Bray–Curtis distances, Jaccard, weighted-UniFrac, and unweighted-UniFrac indices among samples of the four groups. No significant differences were observed among the groups as PERMANOVA.