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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 13.
Published in final edited form as: Community Sci. 2024 Sep 13;3(3):e2024CSJ000088. doi: 10.1029/2024csj000088

Table 4: Cancer-Associated Environmental Exposures.

The 2017 Environmental Health Survey used community-based participatory action research strategies and snowball sampling of 100 adults in Knights Landing, California. Categorical data are presented as the proportion of respondents with 95% binomial confidence intervals (CI). These survey questions were developed primarily from an agricultural health survey adapted to this community by promotora-researchers, so they are not comparable to data regularly collected by public health agencies.

Cancer-Associated Environmental Exposures Environmental Health Survey
Sample (n)= adults in Knights Landing
recruitment zones
% 95% CI
Type of Housing Unit (n=100)
House 62% (52, 72)
Apartment 26% (18, 36)
Mobile Home or Trailer 6% (2, 13)
Farm-worker Labor Camp 4% (1, 10)
Houseless/Automobile 2% (0, 7)
Proximity to nearest highway or major road (n=100)
Less than one block (100 meters or one soccer field) 68% (58, 77)
Between 1 and 5 blocks 29% (20, 39)
More than 5 blocks 3% (1, 9)
Proximity to nearest farm (n=98)
Less than one block (100 meters or one soccer field) 63% (53, 73)
Between 1 and 5 blocks 27% (18, 36)
More than 5 blocks 10% (5, 18)
Do you or anyone in your housing unit use insect control sprays inside your home? (n=96)
Yes (excludes respondents without housing) 55% (45, 65)
Do you or anyone in your housing unit use insect control sprays outside your home? (n=97)
Yes (excludes respondents without housing) 41% (31, 52)
Where meals are typically cooked (n=95)
Home 90% (85, 96)
Restaurant 3% (0, 7)
Cafeteria 3% (0, 7)
Fast-food restaurant or food truck 3% (0, 7)
Fuel used to cook (check all that apply) (n=70)
Electricity 63% (51, 74)
Gas 16% (8, 26)
Microwave 7% (2, 16)
Kerosene Stove 3% (0, 10)
Propane Stove 21% (12, 32)
Fuel used to heat the home (check all that apply) (n=96)
Electricity 72% (62, 81)
Gas 4% (1, 10)
Wood or Charcoal-burning Stove 5% (2, 12)
Kerosene Stove 6% (2, 13)
Propane Stove 10% (5, 18)
Main Drinking Water Source (n=100)
Public system/Service District 18% (11, 27)
Well water/Private well 12% (6, 20)
Bottled Water 66% (56, 75)
If the public system or well water is the main source, do you filter your drinking water? (n=30)
Yes 33% (17, 53)
Have you noticed chipped paint where you are living? (n=97)
Yes (excludes respondents without housing) 18% (10, 26)