Table 8.
Association of Prenatal Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution with Nasal Mucosal Immune Mediators at Age 4 Weeks and Systemic Markers of Inflammation at Age 6 Months in 700 Children Born in Denmark 2008–2010 from the COPSAC2010 Cohort a
| PM2.5 β (95% CI) |
PM10 β (95% CI) |
NO2 β (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal mucosal lining fluid, 4 weeks | |||
| CCL11 | 0.06 (-0.10 to 0.22) | 0.05 (-0.08 to 0.17) | 0.08 (-0.10 to 0.26) |
| CCL13 | 0.06 (-0.09 to 0.21) | 0.04 (-0.08 to 0.16) | 0.10 (-0.08 to 0.28) |
| CCL17 | -0.03 (-0.17 to 0.11) | -0.01 (-0.12 to 0.10) | 0.10 (-0.06 to 0.27) |
| CCL2 | 0.00 (-0.16 to 0.15) | 0.00 (-0.13 to 0.12) | 0.08 (-0.10 to 0.27) |
| CCL22 | -0.36 (-0.51 to -0.21) | -0.31 (-0.43 to -0.19) | -0.33 (-0.51 to -0.16) |
| CCL26 | -0.22 (-0.38 to -0.06) | -0.21 (-0.34 to -0.09) | -0.37 (-0.55 to -0.19) |
| CCL4 | 0.05 (-0.10 to 0.19) | 0.02 (-0.09 to 0.13) | -0.07 (-0.24 to 0.09) |
| CXCL10 | 0.03 (-0.13 to 0.19) | -0.01 (-0.14 to 0.12) | -0.01 (-0.20 to 0.18) |
| CXCL8 | 0.04 (-0.12 to 0.20) | 0.01 (-0.11 to 0.14) | -0.10 (-0.28 to 0.09) |
| IFN-γ | 0.07 (-0.09 to 0.24) | 0.04 (-0.09 to 0.16) | 0.09 (-0.10 to 0.27) |
| IL-10 | -0.09 (-0.25 to 0.07) | -0.04 (-0.17 to 0.09) | -0.14 (-0.33 to 0.05) |
| IL-12p70 | 0.00 (-0.17 to 0.16) | 0.01 (-0.12 to 0.15) | -0.11 (-0.31 to 0.08) |
| IL-13 | 0.18 (0.01 to 0.35) | 0.13 (-0.01 to 0.26) | 0.07 (-0.13 to 0.26) |
| IL-17A | 0.12 (-0.04 to 0.27) | 0.07 (-0.05 to 0.19) | 0.10 (-0.08 to 0.28) |
| IL-11 | 0.07 (-0.07 to 0.22) | 0.02 (-0.09 to 0.14) | -0.06 (-0.23 to 0.11) |
| IL-2 | 0.13 (-0.04 to 0.30) | 0.14 (0.01 to 0.28) | 0.04 (-0.16 to 0.25) |
| IL-4 | 0.03 (-0.14 to 0.20) | 0.10 (-0.03 to 0.23) | 0.36 (0.17 to 0.55) |
| IL-5 | 0.03 (-0.13 to 0.19) | 0.16 (0.03 to 0.28) | 0.26 (0.06 to 0.45) |
| TGF-β1 | -0.04 (-0.18 to 0.11) | -0.05 (-0.16 to 0.07) | 0.01 (-0.16 to 0.18) |
| TNF-α | 0.05 (-0.11 to 0.21) | 0.00 (-0.12 to 0.13) | -0.02 (-0.20 to 0.17) |
| Blood, 6 months | |||
| CRP | 0.00 (-0.17 to 0.17) | -0.05 (-0.19 to 0.10) | 0.00 (-0.26 to 0.27) |
| IL-1β | -0.43 (-0.59 to -0.27) | -0.45 (-0.59 to -0.31) | -0.61 (-0.86 to -0.36) |
| IL-6 | -0.06 (-0.23 to 0.11) | -0.16 (-0.31 to -0.01) | -0.36 (-0.63 to -0.10) |
| IL-8 | 0.35 (0.18 to 0.51) | 0.37 (0.23 to 0.51) | 0.57 (0.32 to 0.82) |
| TNF-α | 0.11 (-0.06 to 0.28) | 0.08 (-0.06 to 0.23) | 0.15 (-0.11 to 0.41) |
CCL = C-C motif chemokine protein; CRP = C-reactive protein; IFN-γ = interferon-γ; TGF- β1 = transforming growth factor beta 1; TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α
aEstimates are expressed as standard deviation changes from the mean level per interquartile range (IQR) increase of prenatal exposure to ambient air pollution in models adjusted for season of birth and postnatal exposure from birth to 6 months of age for the systemic inflammatory markers. For this COPSAC2010 sample the IQR was 1.5, 2.6, and 8.3 μg/m3 for PM2.5, PM10, and NO2, respectively. Results of further adjusted models are presented elsewhere (Tingskov Pedersen et al. 2023).
P < 0.05 are in boldface.