Table 11.
Associations between Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollution and Lung Function at Age 6 in 703 Children Born in Denmark 1998–2001 and 2008–2010 from the COPSAC2000 & 2010 Cohorts in Single- and Two-Pollutant Models a
| Pollutant | Single-Pollutant Models | Two-Pollutant Models | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for PM2.5 | PM2.5 Mutually Adjusted | Adjusted for NO | NO2 Mutually Adjusted | ||
| RD (95%CI) | RD (95%CI) | RD (95%CI) | RD (95%CI) | RD (95%CI) | |
| PM2.5 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | – | – | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| PM10 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) |
| NO2 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | – | – |
| NOx | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| EC | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) |
| OC | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| SO2 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| O3 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| SO42- | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
| NO3- | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) |
| NH4+ | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) |
| SOA | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) |
| Sea salt | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) |
a Relative difference (RD) and the 95% CI refers to forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) from linear regression models fitted with increments of the interquartile range (μg/m3) of the time-weighted average exposures to ambient air pollutants for the full prenatal period of 2.0 for PM2.5, 2.8 for PM10, 8.0 for NO2, 13.2 for NOx, 0.3 for EC, 0.4 for OC, 1.9 for SO2, 8.1 for O3, 0.8 for SO42-, 0.6 for NO3-, 0.4 for NH4+, 0.1 for SOA, and 0.1 for sea salt with adjustments for cohort, sex, age, height, and weight at the time of examination, maternal income, education, smoking during pregnancy, ETS during pregnancy and first six years of life, breastfeeding, exposure to furry animals during first six years of life and use of fireplace, gas cooking, and fume hood during the first year of life.