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. 2024 Oct 30;14:26135. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75941-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — D-gal-induced aging alters gut microbiota composition and structure in periodontitis mice (n = 8/group). (A) Veen diagram of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) among D + Ph, D + Lig and sham + Lig groups, (B) Alpha diversity -ACE, Chao1, Shannon and Simpson indices among D + Ph, D + Lig and sham + Lig groups, (C) Gut microbiota profiles were examined by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on bray curtis distance among D + Ph, D + Lig and sham + Lig groups, (D) Analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) analysis was used to compare the composition of gut microbiota among D + Ph, D + Lig and sham + Lig groups. R > 0 indicates the difference of inter-group is greater than inner-group. The reliability of the statistical analysis was expressed as a p-value, (E) Heatmap of the gut microbiota at phylum level with relative abundance at top 30 in D + Lig and sham + Lig groups, (F) Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showing the biomarkers of D + Lig and sham + Lig groups. Taxa with an linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score > 2.5 are shown. Bar graphs presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). ANOSIM, analysis of similarities; LDA, linear discriminant analysis; LEfSe, linear discriminant analysis effect size; OTUs, operational taxonomic units; PCoA, principal coordinate analysis; SD, standard deviation.