Table 2.
Meta-analyses of association studies between maternal obesity and orofacial clefts
| Study Description | Pregestational maternal condition BMI Characterization | OFC subtype OR (95% CI) | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Analysis of 6 pooled case-control studies (1987–2008) from Northern Europe and USA for association between maternal weight and orofacial clefts | Obese I BMI: ≥ 30, < 35 | All cleft palate; OR 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | Kutbi et al 2017 |
| Obese II & III BMI: > 35 | All cleft palate; OR 1.36 (1.16–1.58); | ||
| Overweight BMI: 25–29.9 | All cleft palate; OR 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | ||
| Normal BMI: 18.5–24.9 | N/A | ||
| Underweight BMI: <18.5 | CL/P; OR 1.16 (0.98–1.36) | ||
| Meta-analysis of 8 studies (5 from USA, 1 from Australia, and 2 from Sweden) to assess increased orofacial cleft risk with maternal obesity | Obese BMI: ≥ 30 (except one cohort study > 29) |
CL/P; OR 1.13 (1.04–1.23) CPO; OR 1.22 (1.09–1.35) |
Meta-analysis: Blanco et al 2015 Selected studies: Watkins 2003 Cedergren 2005 Honein 2007 Waller 2007 Oddy 2009 Blomberg 2010 Stott-Millier 2010 Carmichael 2012 |
| Normal BMI: 18.5–24.9 (except one cohort study 19.8–26) | N/A | ||
| Review and meta-analysis of 3 studies from USA for association between maternal weight and orofacial clefts | Obese BMI: ≥ 30 |
CL/P; OR 1.16 (1.0–1.34) CPO; OR 1.14 (0.95–1.37) |
Meta-analysis: Izedonmwen et al 2015 Selected studies: Watkins 2003 Waller 2007 Stott-Millier 2010 |
| Overweight BMI: 25–29.9 | CL/P; OR 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | ||
| Normal BMI: 18.5–24.9 | N/A | ||
| Meta-analysis of several studies for association between maternal obesity and congenital anomalies | Obese BMI: ≥ 30 or > 29 |
CLP; OR 1.20 (1.03–1.40), P=0.02 CPO; OR 1.23 (1.03–1.47), P=0.02 |
Meta-analysis: Stothard et al 2009 Selected studies: Watkins 2003 Cedergren & Kallen 2005 Waller 2007 |
| Normal BMI: 18.5–24.9 or 19.8–26 | N/A |