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. 2024 Oct 31;19:81. doi: 10.1186/s40793-024-00626-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The assessment of hydrocarbon removal efficiency through total petroleum hydrocarbon analysis in two column experiments. a The bar chart displays a comparison of hydrocarbon removal rates in Column Experiment I (CI) for treatments: oil only (Oil), oil with inorganic fertilizer, MAP (Oil MAP), oil with oleophilic fertilizer, S200 (Oil S200), and oil with both fertilizers (Oil MAP + S200). b The bar chart illustrates hydrocarbon removal rates for treatments in Column Experiment II (CII): oil only (Oil), oil with both fertilizers (Oil + N), oil with SWA (Oil + W), and oil with both fertilizers and SWA (Oil + N + W). In panel a, the " *" indicates a significant difference (p < 0.05, t-test) between the oil only group and the oil with both fertilizers group, while in panel b, the " *" denotes a significant difference across the four different treatments (p < 0.05, ANOVA)