Table 1.
Characteristics of NHANES participants during 2005–2018 based on NAFLD status
| Variables | Overall | NAFLD | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Age, years | 48.61 (0.28) | 52.49 (0.38) | 46.50 (0.32) | < 0.001 |
| Age, years, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| 20–39 | 3430 (33.48) | 871 (23.72) | 2559 (38.78) | |
| 40–59 | 3611 (37.77) | 1366 (39.66) | 2245 (36.74) | |
| ≥ 60 | 3922 (28.74) | 1712 (36.61) | 2210 (24.47) | |
| Sex, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Female | 5820 (52.97) | 1852 (45.03) | 3968 (57.28) | |
| Male | 5143 (47.03) | 2097 (54.97) | 3046 (42.72) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 4776 (68.34) | 1834 (71.03) | 2942 (66.89) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2176 (10.24) | 454 (5.79) | 1722 (12.66) | |
| Mexican American | 1771 (8.56) | 944 (12.31) | 827 (6.52) | |
| Other race | 2240 (12.86) | 717 (10.87) | 1523 (13.94) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Married | 8274 (76.07) | 3196 (80.67) | 5087 (73.57) | |
| Unmarried | 2689 (23.93) | 753 (19.33) | 1936 (26.43) | |
| Education, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≤ High school | 5198 (39.96) | 2130 (45.59) | 3068 (36.91) | |
| > High school | 5765 (60.04) | 1819 (54.41) | 3946 (63.09) | |
| Physical activity, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 7358 (72.94) | 2414 (67.34) | 4944 (75.97) | |
| No | 3605 (27.06) | 1535 (32.66) | 2070 (24.03) | |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 30 | 6553 (60.18) | 1155 (26.11) | 5398 (78.68) | |
| ≥ 30 | 4410 (39.81) | 2794 (73.89) | 1616 (21.32) | |
| Waist circumference quartile (cm) | < 0.001 | |||
| Quartile 1 | 2755 (25.96) | 96 (1.69) | 2659 (39.13) | |
| Quartile 2 | 2730 (23.71) | 519 (10.51) | 2211 (30.88) | |
| Quartile 3 | 2741 (24.68) | 1220 (29.14) | 1521 (22.26) | |
| Quartile 4 | 2737 (25.65) | 2114 (58.67) | 623 (7.73) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Former | 2718 (25.13) | 1214 (31.60) | 1504 (21.62) | |
| Never | 6311 (57.36) | 2100 (52.32) | 4211 (60.10) | |
| Now | 1934 (17.50) | 635 (16.08) | 1299 (18.28) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5845 (49.23) | 2747 (68.99) | 3098 (38.50) | |
| No | 5118 (50.77) | 1202 (31.01) | 3916 (61.50) | |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 8040 (72.47) | 3448 (87.14) | 4592 (64.50) | |
| No | 2923 (27.53) | 501 (12.86) | 2422 (35.50) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 469 (3.27) | 209 (4.19) | 260 (2.77) | |
| No | 10 494 (96.73) | 3740 (95.81) | 6754 (97.23) | |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 493 (4.00) | 270 (6.36) | 223 (2.73) | |
| No | 10 470 (96.00) | 3679 (93.64) | 6791 (97.27) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2413 (17.16) | 1542 (33.03) | 871 (8.54) | |
| No | 8550 (82.84) | 2407 (66.97) | 6143 (91.46) | |
| Trouble sleeping, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2890 (28.13) | 1250 (34.28) | 1640 (24.79) | |
| No | 8073 (71.87) | 2699 (65.72) | 5374 (75.21) | |
| SII (1,000 cells/µl) | 531.46 (4.25) | 569.44 (6.09) | 510.84 (5.26) | < 0.001 |
| SII Quartile | < 0.001 | |||
| Quartile 1 | 2741 (22.43) | 785 (17.22) | 1956 (25.25) | |
| Quartile 2 | 2741 (25.77) | 981 (24.86) | 1760 (26.28) | |
| Quartile 3 | 2740 (26.10) | 1038 (27.22) | 1702 (25.49) | |
| Quartile 4 | 2741 (25.70) | 1145 (30.70) | 1596 (22.98) | |
| USFLI score | 27.06 (0.38) | 53.83 (0.46) | 12.52 (0.14) | < 0.001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (U/L) | 24.44 (0.18) | 30.75 (0.38) | 21.02 (0.16) | < 0.001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L) | 24.26 (0.16) | 26.47 (0.29) | 23.06 (0.20) | < 0.001 |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase (U/L) | 26.44 (0.44) | 39.45 (1.08) | 19.37 (0.24) | < 0.001 |
| Total Energy (kcal/day) | 2043.68 (10.88) | 2100.12 (17.63) | 2013.03 (12.10) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 3.84 (0.24) | 3.34 (0.32) | 4.11 (0.30) | 0.07 |
Continuous variables are presented as the mean (standard error), and the P-value was determined using the Student’s t-test. Categorical variables are presented as numbers (percentages), and the P-value was determined using the χ2 test
NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, SII: Systemic immune inflammation index, BMI: Body mass index, NHANES: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey