Table 1. Characteristics of the analyzed participants.
| Overall | Independent group | Assistance group | Effect size | |
| (n=179) | (n=96) | (n=83) | ||
| Age‡ (years) | 85.0 (80.0–89.0) | 83.0 (77.0–87.0) | 87.0 (82.0–91.0)** | −0.30 |
| HDS-R‡ (points) | 25.0 (19.0–28.0) | 26.0 (21.0–29.0) | 21.0 (18.0–26.0)** | 0.40 |
| SMI‡ (kg/m2) | 4.7 (4.1–5.4) | 5.0 (4.5–5.1) | 4.4 (3.9–5.1)** | 0.31 |
| BMI‡ (kg/m2) | 21.0 (18.7–23.6) | 21.3 (19.0–24.1) | 20.0 (18.0–22.6) | 0.11 |
| Grip strength‡ (kg) | 15.9 (12.7–19.9) | 17.6 (14.1–20.5) | 13.6 (11.3–18.4)** | 0.36 |
| History of vertebral compression fracture injury | 179 (130:49) | 96 (76:20) | 83 (54:29)* | 0.17 |
| (first fracture: re-fracture)† (n) | ||||
| Number of vertebral fractures | 179 (145:33) | 96 (80:16) | 83 (65:18) | 0.02 |
| (single: multiple)† (n) | ||||
| Vertebral fracture sites | 179 (71:90:18) | 96 (41:48:7) | 83 (30:42:11) | 0.02 |
| (cspine: lumbar spine: both thoracic and lumbar spine)† (n) |
Median (1st quartile–3rd quartile), †χ2 test, ‡Mann–Whitney U test, HDS-R: Hasegawa Dementia Scale-Revised; SMI: skeletal muscle mass index; BMI: body mass index, *p<0.05, **p<0.01.