TABLE 2.
Meta-analysis results and characteristics of studies informing the associations between long-term exposure to ozone (O3) (per 10 μg/m3 increase) and mortality outcomes (Global, 2023-2024).
| A) Annual O3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | 80% prediction interval | Sample size | Age (years) | Median of O3 (min – max) | |
| All-cause | 9 | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 92 | (0.91, 1.11) | 1,622,831 | >30 | 60.6 (42.3–94.3) |
| Respiratory disease | 6 | 1.05 (1.02,1.08) | 65 | (1.00, 1.09) | 1,544,274 | >30 | 70.4 (50.8–94.3) |
| COPD | 2 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.08) | 25 | - | 1,217,826 | >30 | 74.87–76.44* |
| ALRI | 2 | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 80 | - | 1,217,826 | >30 | 74.87–76.44* |
| B) Peak/warm season O3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | RR (95% CI) | I2 (%) | 80% Prediction Interval | Sample size | Age (years) | Median of O3 (min – max) | |
| All-cause | 12 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 98 | (0.92, 1.10) | 107,896,036 | >18 | 90.6 (74.9–106.6) |
| Respiratory disease | 9 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 92 | (0.95, 1.06) | 57,107,136 | >25 | 85 (74.9–109.8) |
| COPD | 7 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 95 | (0.92, 1.09) | 56,668,296 | >25 | 85 (74.9–109.8) |
| ALRI | 4 | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 88 | (0.97, 1.07) | 23,702,383 | >30 | 87.9 (74.9–109.8) |
N = number of studies; min: minimum; max: maximum.