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. 2024 Oct 18;15:1464624. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1464624

Table 1.

Effects of different treatments on morphological indicators of maize in different soil layers.

Year Morphological characteristics 0–15 cm 15–30 cm 30–45 cm 45–60 cm
CK AI CK AI CK AI CK AI
2020 Root length (cm) 708.40 833.76 233.71 272.71 212.52 251.81 141.68 165.86
Root surface area (cm2) 225.02 294.13* 344.62 448.45* 87.16 114.08* 66.91 85.10*
Root volume (cm3) 4.68 5.81 10.31 13.16* 1.38 1.63 0.65 1.11**
2021 Root length (cm) 694.50 966.45* 236.13 315.20* 216.31 277.41 143.80 194.96*
Root surface area (cm2) 223.55 318.04* 344.49 490.52* 87.74 118.93* 63.22 85.11*
Root volume (cm3) 5.18 7.53** 10.42 14.04* 1.30 1.52 0.42 0.67*
2022 Root length (cm) 778.52 1,050.31* 256.90 379.05* 233.75 320.34* 155.70 250.02**
Root surface area (cm2) 253.65 406.47** 395.47 610.17** 100.73 160.28** 73.25 131.20**
Root volume (cm3) 4.92 6.56 10.64 14.28* 1.31 1.82* 1.09 1.24
2023 Root length (cm) 806.85 1,239.31* 249.81 384.19** 231.09 320.91* 162.79 286.31*
Root surface area (cm2) 272.87 454.66** 424.19 701.23** 108.04 164.99** 87.95 128.63*
Root volume (cm3) 4.70 6.12* 9.46 12.50* 1.40 1.80* 1.51 1.85*

*Indicates a significant difference between group comparisons (p < 0.05), **indicates a highly significant difference between group comparisons (p < 0.01).