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. 2024 Oct 18;15:1420676. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1420676

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In (A), a saline solution contains hydrated sodium cations and chloride anions. There are no outwardly effective ion gradients, nor are there any net ion currents, as these are neutralized electromagnetically by opposing dynamics. Panel (B) shows positive and negative charges arranged in such a way that no net gradients arise. From an informational point of view, there are no effective differentiations here. These could also be replaced by the arrangement of ions in (C) without changing the information content.