TABLE 1.
Basic characteristics of included studies.
| Study (year) | Design | Location | Intervention (n) | Recovery phase (months) | Duration (weeks) | Training length (per session) (min) | Type of robotic | Outcome measures | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment | Control | ||||||||
| Yuan et al. (2023) | RCT | China | RT (23) | CR (23) | ≤ 6 | 3 | 60 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, MBI |
| Şenocak et al. (2023) | RCT | Turkey | RT (19) | CR (22) | ≤ 6 | 6 | 60 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE |
| Taravati et al. (2022) | RCT | Turkey | RT (17) | CR (20) | > 6 | 4 | 30 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, MAS |
| Ma et al. (2022) | RCT | China | RT (10) | CR (9) | ≤ 6 | 4 | 90 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, ARAT |
| Hsu et al. (2022) | RCT | China | RT (17) | CR (15) | > 6 | 9 | 40 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, MAS |
| Guo et al. (2022) | RCT | China | RT (10) | CR (10) | > 6 | 2 | 60 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, MAS |
| Frisoli et al. (2022) | RCT | Italy | RT (11) | CR (11) | > 6 | 6 | 45 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE |
| Coskunsu et al. (2022) | RCT | Turkey | RT (11) | CR (19) | ≤ 6 | 3 | 60 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, ARAT |
| Singh et al. (2021) | RCT | India | RT (12) | CR (11) | > 6 | 4 | 45 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, MBI, MAS |
| Lee et al. (2021) | RCT | China | RT (14) | CR (10) | > 6 | 6 | 60 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, MBI |
| Kim et al. (2021) | RCT | Korea | RT (23) | CR (24) | > 6 | 4 | 30 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, MAS |
| Jiang et al. (2021) | RCT | China | RT (23) | CR (22) | ≤ 6 | 2 | 30 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, MBI |
| Chinembiri et al. (2021) | RCT | China | RT (20) | CR (25) | ≤ 6/> 6 | 6 | 50 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, MBI |
| Chen et al. (2021) | RCT | China | RT (10) | CR (10) | ≤ 6 | 4 | 45 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, ARAT, MBI |
| Ranzani et al. (2020) | RCT | Switzerland | RT (14) | CR (13) | ≤ 6 | 4 | 45 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE |
| Sun (2018) | RCT | China | RT (38) | CR (32) | ≤ 6 | 4 | 30 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, MBI |
| Lee, Lee, and Lee (2018) | RCT | Korea | RT (15) | CR (15) | > 6 | 8 | 30 | Exoskeleton | FMA‐UE, MBI |
| Zhang (2016) | RCT | China | RT (6) | CR (6) | > 6 | 4 | 20 | End‐effector | FMA‐UE, MAS |
Abbreviations: ARAT, Action Research Arm Test; CR, conventional rehabilitation; MAS, modified Ashworth Scale; MBI, Modified Barthel Index; RCT, randomized controlled trial; RT, robotic therapy.