Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the children developing atopic dermatitis (a), asthma (b) or using inhaled corticosteroid medication (c) in the study cohort
| a) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | Total | Atopic dermatitis | No atopic dermatitis | P | |
| n = 11,255 | n = 852 | n = 10,403 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Previous births, No. (%) | 11,255 (100) | 5,821 (52) | 473 (56) | 5,348 (51) | 0.021 |
|
Maternal prepregnancy BMI *, median (CI) |
11,198 (99) | 23.4 (23.3, 23.4) | 23.2 (22.9, 23.5) | 23.4 (23.3, 23.5) | 0.31 |
|
Smoking during pregnancy, No. (%) |
11,227 (99) | 1,992 (18) | 163 (19) | 1,829 (18) | 0.26 |
| Perinatal characteristics | |||||
|
Gestational age (weeks), mean (CI) |
11,246 (99) | 400/7 (400/7, 400/7) | 400/7 (396/7, 401/7) | 400/7 (400/7, 400/7) | 0.75 |
| Vaginal delivery, No. (%) | 11,255 (100) | 9,791 (87) | 734 (86) | 9,057 (87) | 0.45 |
| Sex (boys), No. (%) | 11,255 (100) | 5,873 (52) | 487 (57) | 5,386 (52) | 0.003 |
|
Birth weight (grams), mean (CI) |
11,255 (100) | 3,580 (3,570, 3,580) | 3,590 (3,560, 3,620) | 3,580 (3,570, 3,580) | 0.37 |
|
Birth weight Z-score, mean (CI) |
11,255 (100) | 0.015 (-0.005, 0.034) | 0.034 (-0.040, 0.108) | 0.013 (-0.007, 0.034) | 0.59 |
| Antibiotic exposure, No. (%) | |||||
| Intrapartum antibiotic exposure | 11,244 (99) | 1,249 (11) | 104 (12) | 1,145 (11) | 0.29 |
| Neonatal empirical antibiotic treatment | 11,246 (99) | 592 (5) | 53 (6) | 539 (5) | 0.006 |
| Neonatal antibiotic treatment for infection | 11,246 (99) | 663 (6) | 69 (8) | 594 (6) | |
| Antibiotic treatment by 6 months of age | 10,857 (96) | 1,762 (16) | 177 (21) | 1,585 (16) | < 0.001 |
| CRP measurements No. (%) | 1,331 (12) | 118 (14) | 1,213 (12) | ||
| b) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Asthma | No asthma | P | ||
| n = 11,255 | n = 849 | n = 10,406 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Previous births, No. (%) | 5,821 (52) | 439 (52) | 5,382 (52) | 0.99 | |
|
Maternal prepregnancy BMI *, median (CI) |
23.4 (23.3, 23.4) | 23.7 (23.4, 24.1) | 23.3 (23.2, 23.4) | < 0.001 | |
|
Smoking during pregnancy, No. (%) |
1,992 (18) | 194 (23) | 1,798 (17) | < 0.001 | |
| Perinatal characteristics | |||||
|
Gestational age (weeks), mean (CI) |
400/7 (400/7, 400/7) | 396/7 (395/7, 396/7) | 400/7 (400/7, 40 0/7) | < 0.001 | |
| Vaginal delivery, No. (%) | 9,791 (87) | 723 (85) | 9,068 (87) | 0.099 | |
| Sex (boys), No. (%) | 5,873 (52) | 538 (63) | 5,335 (51) | < 0.001 | |
|
Birth weight (grams), mean (CI) |
3,580 (3,570, 3,580) | 3,600 (3,570, 3,630) | 3,570 (3,570, 3,580) | 0.16 | |
|
Birth weight Z-score, mean (CI) |
0.015 (-0.005, 0.034) | 0.036 (-0.035, 0.108) | 0.013 (-0.008, 0.034) | 0.54 | |
| Antibiotic exposure, No. (%) | |||||
| Intrapartum antibiotic exposure | 1,249 (11) | 112 (13) | 1,137 (11) | 0.042 | |
| Neonatal empirical antibiotic treatment | 592 (5) | 46 (5) | 546 (5) | 0.069 | |
| Neonatal antibiotic treatment for infection | 663 (6) | 65 (8) | 598 (6) | ||
| Antibiotic treatment by 6 months of age | 1,762 (16) | 198 (23) | 1,564 (16) | < 0.001 | |
| CRP measurements No. (%) | 1,331 (12) | 110 (13) | 1,221 (12) | ||
| c) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Inhaled corticosteroid medication | No inhaled corticosteroid medication | P | ||
| n = 11,255 | n = 1,876 | n = 8,981 | |||
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Previous births, No. (%) | 5,821 (52) | 938 (50) | 4,664 (52) | 0.13 | |
|
Maternal prepregnancy BMI *, median (CI) |
23.4 (23.3, 23.4) | 23.6 (23.4, 23.8) | 23.3 (23.2, 23.4) | < 0.001 | |
|
Smoking during pregnancy, No. (%) |
1,992 (18) | 326 (17) | 1,620 (18) | 0.49 | |
| Perinatal characteristics | |||||
|
Gestational age (weeks), mean (CI) |
400/7 (400/7, 400/7) | 396/7 (395/7, 396/7) | 400/7 (400/7, 401/7) | < 0.001 | |
| Vaginal delivery, No. (%) | 9,791 (87) | 1,634 (87) | 7,803 (87) | 0.80 | |
| Sex (boys), No. (%) | 5,873 (52) | 1,152 (61) | 4,540 (51) | < 0.001 | |
|
Birth weight (grams), mean (CI) |
3,580 (3,570, 3,580) | 3,590 (3,570, 3,610) | 3,570 (3,560, 3,580) | 0.10 | |
|
Birth weight Z-score, mean (CI) |
0.015 (-0.005, 0.034) | 0.030 (-0.017, 0.077) | 0.013 (-0.009, 0.034) | 0.52 | |
| Antibiotic exposure, No. (%) | |||||
| Intrapartum antibiotic exposure | 1,249 (11) | 246 (13) | 962 (11) | 0.003 | |
| Neonatal empirical antibiotic treatment | 592 (5) | 100 (5) | 472 (5) | 0.050 | |
| Neonatal antibiotic treatment for infection | 663 (6) | 134 (7) | 510 (6) | ||
| Antibiotic treatment by 6 months of age | 1,762 (16) | 451 (24) | 1,311 (15) | < 0.001 | |
| CRP measurements No. (%) | 1,331 (12) | 235 (13) | 1,051 (12) | ||
Continuous data are expressed as means with 95% confidence interval, and the differences between groups were assessed using T-test. Categorical data are expressed as percentages (number) and were assessed using the Chi square test
aMedian and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used because of the exception of normal distribution