Table 1.
Participant demographics and clinical characteristics.
| Characteristics, median (IQR); n (%) | L101 Study | NHIS 2015a | NLST, Both Armsb | Silvestri and colleagues (15) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training (n = 576) | Clinical Validation (n = 382) | (n = 2,261)(weighted n = 13,975,210) | (n = 53,452) | (n = 1,052,591; USPSTF 2013) | |
| Age (years), median (Q1, Q3) | 66 (60, 72) | 67 (61, 74) | 60 (55, 67) | 60.0 (57, 65) | — |
| Age, N (%) | |||||
| Age <65 years | 243 (42%) | 140 (37%) | 9,318,186 (67%) | 39,234 (73%) | 504,794 (53%)c |
| Age ≥65 years | 333 (58%) | 242 (63%) | 4,657,024 (33%) | 14,218 (27%) | 447,797 (47%)c |
| Sex, N (%) | |||||
| Male | 304 (53%) | 191 (50%) | 7,788,381 (56%) | 31,530 (59%) | 544,482 (52%)c |
| Female | 272 (47%) | 191 (50%) | 6,186,829 (44%) | 21,922 (41%) | 505,318 (48%)c |
| Race, N (%) | |||||
| White | 482 (84%) | 328 (86%) | 12,313,537 (88%) | 48,549 (91%) | 461,593 (92%)c |
| Black or African American | 47 (8%) | 43 (11%) | 1,065,711 (8%) | 2,376 (4%) | 37,111 (7%)c |
| Otherd | 47 (2%) | 11 (3%) | 595,962 (4%) | 2,527 (5%) | 5,043 (1%)c |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | |||||
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 422 (73%) | 312 (82%) | 13,392,848 (96%) | 52,118 (97%) | 400,737 (98%)c |
| Hispanic or Latino | 117 (20%) | 40 (10%) | 582,362 (4.2%) | 935 (2%) | 8,807 (2%)c |
| Unknown or not reported | 37 (6%) | 30 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 399 (1%) | −(0%)c |
| Education, N (%) | |||||
| Less than high school graduate | 38 (7%, 12%)c | 20 (5%, 11%)c | 851,379 (6%) | 3,249 (6%) | 10,743 (13%)c |
| High school graduate | 107 (19%, 33%)c | 59 (15%, 34%)c | 1,279,954 (9%) | 12,712 (24%) | 34,150 (41%)c |
| Associate degree or some college or training after high school | 97 (17%, 30%)c | 45 (12%, 26%)c | 5,364,443 (38%) | 19,711 (37%) | 24,758 (30%)c |
| College graduate | 57 (10%, 18%)c | 33 (9%, 19%)c | 4,425,167 (32%) | 8,946 (17%) | 13,613 (16%)c |
| Postgraduate or professional degree | 25 (4%, 8%)c | 17 (4%, 10%)c | 2,027,572 (15%) | 7,600 (14%) | |
| Unknown or not reported | 252 (44%, 0%)c | 208 (54%, 0%)c | 26,695 (<1%) | 1,234 (2%) | −(0%)c |
| Geographic region | |||||
| Northeast | 143 (25%) | 115 (30%) | 2,429,248 (17%) | 8,713 (16%) | 264,819 (25%) |
| Midwest | 135 (23%) | 94 (25%) | 3,665,934 (26%) | 20,953 (39%) | 315,702 (30%) |
| South | 207 (36%) | 110 (29%) | 5,517,263 (39%) | 12,775 (24%) | 363,509 (35%) |
| West | 91 (16%) | 63 (16%) | 2,362,765 (17%) | 11,011 (21%) | 107,502 (10%) |
| BMI, median (Q1, Q3) | 28.1 (24.7, 32.0) | 27.6 (23.7, 32.0) | 27.4 (23.7, 31.3) | 27.3 (24.4, 30.5) | — |
| Lung cancer USPSTF 2021 criteria, N (%) | |||||
| USPSTF (2021) | 495 (86%) | 303 (79%) | 13,975,210 (100%) | 52,834 (99%) | 1,052,591 (100%) |
| Non-USPSTF (2021) | 74 (13%) | 60 (16%) | 0 (0%) | 618 (1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unknown or not reported | 7 (1%) | 19 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Pack-years, median (Q1, Q3) | 40 (30, 55) | 43 (30, 60) | 38 (28, 50) | 48 (39, 66) | — |
| Smoking cigarettes per day, median (Q1, Q3) | 20 (20, 30) | 20 (20, 30) | 20 (15, 20) | 25 (20, 35) | — |
| Years since smoking cessation, median (Q1, Q3) | 7.8 (2, 14) | 8 (2, 15) | 6.0 (3.0, 10.0) | 7.0 (3.0, 11.0) | — |
| Smoking status, N (%) | |||||
| Current | 242 (42%) | 168 (44%) | 8,178,059 (59%) | 25,760 (48%) | 645,875 (61%) |
| Former | 334 (58%) | 214 (56%) | 5,797,151 (41%) | 27,692 (52%) | 406,700 (39%) |
| COPD status, N (%) | |||||
| COPD | 264 (46%) | 183 (48%) | 2,600,068 (19%) | 2,690 (5%) | — |
| No COPD | 300 (52%) | 189 (49%) | 11,365,635 (81%) | 50,426 (94%) | — |
| Unknown or not reported | 12 (2%) | 10 (3%) | 9,507 (<0.1%) | 336 (1%) | — |
| Type II diabetes, N (%) | |||||
| Yes | 124 (22%) | 93 (24%) | 2,689,713 (19%) | 5,174 (9.7%) | — |
| No | 444 (77%) | 279 (73%) | 10,929,523 (78%) | 48,047 (90%) | — |
| Unknown or not reported | 8 (1%) | 10 (3%) | 355,974 (3%) | 231 (<1%) | — |
| Prior history of Cancer | |||||
| Yes | 84 (15%) | 77 (20%) | 2,184,948 (16%) | 2,289 (4%) | — |
| No | 492 (85%) | 305 (80%) | 11,762,865 (84%) | 50,951 (96%) | — |
| Unknown or not reported | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 27,397 (<1%) | 212 (<1%) | — |
Subset to LCS-eligible survey respondents as per 2021 USPSTF guidelines, including individuals who had quit smoking; those with a history of lung cancer (unweighted n = 45) were excluded.
NLST demographics, except Geographic region, were calculated internally using NLST data. The numbers are comparable to published estimates (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2994863/).
Report percent (%) among those with a reported value.
Data were aggregated when cell counts were <11 to avoid the risk of reidentification. Other includes Asian, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander, Other, Unknown, or not reported.
USPSTF 2013 criteria for lung cancer screening: Age 55–80 years, pack-years ≥30 years, and quit-years ≤ 15 years.
USPSTF 2021 criteria for lung cancer screening: Age 50–80 years, pack-years ≥20 years, and quit-years ≤ 15 years.