Table 1.
Data Extraction From Included Studies.
| Study | Participants | Intervention | Sham control? | Stimulation parameters |
Primary outcome | Minimum abstinence | Craving mean (SD)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Control | |||||||||
| Pre- | Post- | Pre- | Post- | |||||||
| Shen, 2016 | 20 heroin-using males | TMS | Y | L DLPFC, 10 Hz, 100% RMT, 2000 pulses, 5 sessions | Cue-induced craving | unknown | 60 (11.2) | 25 (9.2) | 62 (9.5) | 55 (9.2) |
| Wang, 2016 | 20 individuals with history of OUD | tDCS | Y | BL occipital lobes (anodal) and BL FTP areas (cathodal), 1.5 mA, 20 min, 1 session | Cue-induced craving | 1.5-2 y | 68 (8.4) | 43 (7.6) | 62 (5.5) | 62 (5.5) |
| Shen, 2017 | 12 heroin-using males and 12 healthy controls | TMS | N | L Primary Motor Cortex, 10 Hz, 90% RMT, 2000 pulses, 1 session | MEP | 2 weeks | - | - | - | - |
| Miranda, 2018 | 73 outpatients with OUD transitioning to MAT | BRIDGE | N | Dorsal and ventral aspects of the ear to vagus nerve, 3.2 V, “alternating frequencies,” 1–5 sessions | Withdrawal symptoms | unknown | 20.1 (6.1) | 3.1 (3.4) | - | - |
| Study | Participants | Intervention | Sham control? | Stimulation parameters | Primary outcome | Last use? | Craving change from baseline (SD)† | |||
| Sahlem, 2017 | Nontreatment-seeking opioid users | TMS | Y | L DLPFC, 10 Hz, 110–120% RMT, 3000 pulses, 1 session | Cue-induced craving | unknown | −1.7 (1.5) | 0.9 (0.1) | ||
*
Cue-induced craving was rated on a scale of 0 to 100.
†
Cue-induced craving was rated on a scale of 0 to 10.