Table 3.

Stilbenes explored in the context of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)

Subgroups	Compounds	Dietary/Exogenous sources	Mechanisms of action (Preclinical models)	Studies in humans (including observational and intervention studies	References
Stilbenes	Resveratrol	Wine and grapes	Is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule explored for managing IBD. It modulates responses and signaling pathways, but its poor water solubility and low bioavailability limit clinical applications. It influences gut microbiota, reducing inflammation, enhancing tight junction protein expression, and modulating several pathways	Human studies show that resveratrol supplementation benefits people with UC. In a trial with the Mediterranean diet (MD) plus resveratrol or curcumin, all groups showed reduced disease activity and inflammation, and improved quality of life. Another study with 500 mg/day resveratrol for 6 weeks reported significant reductions in inflammatory markers and improved quality of life compared to placebo. Overall, 500 mg resveratrol supplementation enhances life quality and reduces disease activity in UC patients, but long-term effects need further study	405-415,417-429,431,432,434,435
	Piceatannol	Grapes, peanuts, and blueberries	Is similar to resveratrol, has shown promise in reducing inflammation and modulating immune response. It decreases proinflammatory mediators, inhibits cell apoptosis, and improves microbiota composition, particularly beneficial probiotics. Oral administration of PIC attenuates DSS-induced colonic inflammation, decreases inflammatory mediators, and improves colonic architecture	-	436-439
	Pterostilbene	Blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium heartwood	Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in DSS-induced models. It reduces inflammation, aberrant crypt foci, and maintains mucin2 and E-cadherin expression, while also inhibiting Th1 and Th17 cell proliferation and promoting Treg differentiation. Also decreases, TNF-α expression and alleviates colitis symptoms	-	440-444