Table 2.

Intervention Characteristics of Included Studies

Author (publishing date)	Intervention format	Intervention goals/recommendations	Tailoring modalities (✓—included, X—not included)	Theoretical framework
Baltaci et al. (2022)	Intervention consisted of 2 months of 2.5 hour weekly group sessions. Educational content included food preparation, parenting skills, nutrition, and physical activity	Improve individual, social, physical, and environmental factors related to fathers’ and adolescents’ energy balance related behaviors (diet and physical activity behaviors) to prevent overweight and obesity among Latino adolescents.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors - ✓ Content - ✓ Concepts - ✓ Goals—X Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	Program was based on social-cognitive theory.
Frediani et al. (2021)	Biweekly group soccer practices held over a 12-week period. Sessions were led by trained bilingual coaches and consisted of soccer-based physical activity drills and discussions of NDPP a health education modules. This was followed by a 12-week maintenance phase.	Lifestyle change program with the goal of diabetes prevention through dietary changes and physical activity. No specific benchmarks for improvement were set.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors - ✓ Content - ✓ Concepts ✓ Goals—X Methods - ✓ Context—X	NDPP a modules, delivered as they were originally designed.
Garcia et al. (2018)	Intensive phase consisted of 12 weeks of 30–45-min individual counseling sessions guided by a trained bilingual Hispanic male lifestyle coach. Participants also received tailored lesson materials modelled after the DPP b . Maintenance phase consisted of bi-weekly counseling phone calls for another 12-weeks	Participants were prescribed a calorie and fat gram goal to reduce total energy intake to 1200–1800 calories per day dependent on their initial body weight. Participants were provided with culturally tailored meal plans and grocery lists to make small, practical dietary changes of ∼100 calories/meal each day. Weekly exercise goals were also set, with the duration increasing from 15 to 40 min, 5 days a week, over the course of the program.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors - ✓ Content - ✓ Concepts - ✓ Goals - ✓ Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	Gender and culturally tailored program based on the DPP b . Lesson materials based on social-cognitive theory and problem-solving theory. Tailoring based on ecological validity framework (Bernal, Sáez-Santiago, 2006).
Gary-Webb et al. (2018)	16-week intervention with weekly hour-long educational sessions based on the NDPP a . Curriculum was delivered in all-male group settings by trained lifestyle coaches.	Diabetes prevention through healthy eating and increased physical activity without specific benchmarks.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors - ✓ Content - ✓ Concepts - ✓ Goals—X Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	NDPP a adapted for Black and/or Latino men from disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Guerrero et al. (2023)	Intervention consisted of 1 month of weekly 1-hour in-person group sessions, supplemented by 1 month of “booster” educational mobile content, to support parenting skills and promote evidence based and age-appropriate nutritional practices in either English or Spanish.	Promote healthy children by educating families about parenting behaviors, healthy diet, and physical activity recommendations.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts - ✓ Goals—X Methods - ✓ Context—X	Program was based on social-cognitive and family-based theories and uses a group strategy to promote peer-to-peer learning, and observational and social support strategies to support behavioral changes.
Mitchell et al. (2015)	Intervention group participated in 90-minute sessions consisting of 20 minutes of moderate physical activity and an hour of education over 10 weekly sessions. Topics included hydration, healthy diet, measuring progress, mental health, physical activity, and sharing these lifestyle changes with others. Sessions were conducted at easily accessible work-sponsored clinic sites.	Five steps to live better specifies the following goals: (1) drink water; (2) eat fruits and vegetables; (3) measure (what you eat and your waist); (4) move; and (5) share (the message). Participants set their own individual goals to make lifestyle changes.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts –✓ Goals –✓ Methods - ✓ Context –✓	Program framework was based on the “Cinco Pasos para Vivir Mejor” (Five Steps to Live Better) campaign developed by the Mexican government (“Cinco pasos”, 2024). Program content was based on the “Your Heart, Your Life” program, created by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (“Your heart, your life”, 2024)
O’Connor et al. (2020)	Weekly 90-minute sessions held over 10 weeks. Programming consisted of a group session with fathers and children, separate break-out discussions for fathers and children (Dad’s Club and Kid’s Club), and a joint physical activity component (Sports Club) for fathers and children.	Weight loss and obesity prevention through increased physical activity and improved nutrition without specific benchmarks. Modeling of healthy behaviors for children.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts - ✓ Goals - ✓ Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	Adaptation of "Healthy Dads Healthy Kids" program, based on social-cognitive theory and Family Systems Theory (Morgan et al., 2014).
Rocha-Goldberg et al. (2010)	Intervention consisted of 6 weekly 90–120-minute education sessions, during which an interventionist helped participants set individualized personal goals and action plans for weight management. Every other session involved a recipe demonstration; on the alternate week a 20-minute facilitated moderate exercise session was conducted.	Patients developed individual goals for lifestyle change to manage weight.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts—X Goals - ✓ Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	Intervention was based on the PREMIER and HIP trials, which are informed by social-cognitive theory, transtheoretical states of change model, and motivational enhancement approaches (Appel et al., 2003; Dolor et al., 2009).
Rosas et al. (2015)	Case Management (CM) Arm: Participants paired with case managers for 2 years. Initial 12-month intensive phase consisted of 12 2-hour group sessions and four 30-minute individual sessions with case managers, subsequent 12-month maintenance phase consisted of 3 group sessions and 1 individual session. Case Management + Community Health care Worker (CM + CHW) Arm: Participants received the same case management interventions plus five community health care worker home visits during the initial 12-month intensive phase and two home visits during the subsequent 12-month maintenance phase.	Lifestyle change program focused on nutrition and physical activity. Specific goals were individualized and set in collaboration with each participant.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content –✓ Concepts –✓ Goals –✓ Methods –✓ Context –✓	DPP b , tailored based on the previous Heart to Heart trial, which employed social-cognitive theory and the transtheoretical model of behavior change (Ma et al., 2009).
Rosas et al. (2022)	Intervention groups participated in 12 weekly sessions during the intensive phase. They were given the option to participate in coach-facilitated group sessions using online video conferences, in-person coach-facilitated group sessions, or a self-directed curriculum. Coach involvement varied based on delivery modality, with the self-directed group having the least amount of coach involvement. Participants were encouraged to increase moderate-intensity physical activity, wear activity monitors and track diet. Education focused on understanding calories and fat intake, making healthy food choices, and addressing barriers to weight loss. Maintenance phase involved 8 months of biweekly to monthly contacts from coaches. Control group had access to 12 prerecorded videos of a similar program to be viewed independently. Only on request was coach support provided.	To sustain clinically significant weight loss (>5% loss from baseline) at 18 months, and a minimum of 150 min/week of moderate-intensity physical activity.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts –✓ Goals—X Methods –✓ Context - ✓	A group-based adaptation of the DPP b based on social-cognitive theory, tailored by a Latino Patient Advisory board to the Latino population.
Singh et al. (2020)	6-week intensive educational phase followed by a 3-month maintenance phase. Parent−child dyads completed this program together. Dietary education consisted of family cooking classes and supermarket tours centered on a four-tiered food guide to plant-based eating. Physical activity intervention consisted of pedometer goals and education.	Four-tiered food guide was referenced to set goals, with the highest tier involving eating whole plant foods with minimal processing. There were no strict vegetarian categories. The goal for each participant was to transition from one tier to the next through dietary changes.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts - ✓ Goals - ✓ Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	Intervention informed by the Curriculum for Culturally Responsive Health Care: The Step-by-Step Guide for Cultural Competence Training, and The National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Framework (Alvidrez et al., 2019; Ring et al., 2008). Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) cultural competence training domains were used to tailor the delivery of this intervention (Frediani et al., 2021).
West et al. (2008)	Control: Standard lifestyle recommendations were provided at annual individual sessions. Lifestyle Intervention: Program consisted of a 16-session core curriculum focused on promoting healthy dietary and physical activity changes. Curriculum was delivered by case managers in individual sessions over 6 months, supplemented by group sessions. The 24-month maintenance period consisted of bimonthly individual sessions.	Achieve and maintain a weight reduction of at least 7% of initial body weight through healthy diet and physical activity, and to maintain a level of physical activity of at least 150 min/week through moderate-intensity activities.	Language - ✓ People - ✓ Metaphors—X Content - ✓ Concepts—X Goals—X Methods - ✓ Context - ✓	DPP b intervention, delivered as originally designed.

Note. NDPP = National Diabetes Prevention Program; HIP = hypertension improvement program; CHW = community health worker; AH-WMMC = Adventist Health White Memorial Medial Center.

^aNational Diabetes Prevention Program (Albright & Gregg, 2013). ^b Diabetes Prevention Program (“The Diabetes Prevention Program”, 1999).