Table 3.

Cu and cuproptosis in immune cell biology

Immune cells		Cu in immune cell	Cu in tumor immune	Ref.
Lymphoid lineage	T cell	Cu↓ → IL-2↓ CuO NPs → Cu↑ → T cell↑ CuO NPs → IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5↑	Cu↓ → JAK/STAT pathway↓ → PD-L1↓ → CD8+T cell and NK cell↑ → tumor suppression copper chelator→ Cu↓→ T cell↑→ tumor suppression LIPT1↑ → PD-L1↑and Treg↓	[102, 185–195]
	B cell	Cu↓→circulating B cells↑	\	[223]
Myeloid lineage	Macrophage	Cu with 8-hydroxyquinoline → macrophage apoptosis Cu → macrophage polarization → pro-inflammatory M1-type CuO NPs → macrophage death CTMM → regulate macrophage, cuproptosis and ferroptosis →eliminate intracellular infection	Cu-THBQ/AX → tumor immunogenicity↑ → polarize M2-type to M1-type macrophages and T cell↑ → tumor suppression	[197–208]
	DC	Cu → IL-8↑	Cu→DCs expression of cGAS-STING pathway related genes↑→tumor suppression	[219–222]
	MDSC	\	CuNG → MDSCs apoptosis ↑and ROS in MDSCs↓ → immune response↑ → tumor suppression	[216–218]
	Neutrophil	Cu↓ → Neutrophils↓ and deformability of neutrophils↓	MetaCell → release Fe-Cu-MOFs → cuproptosis and ferroptosis → tumor suppression	[209–215]