Table 1.
Comparison of all Characteristics Between Control and Case Groups.
| Variable | Controls (N = 114) | Cases (N = 57) | Total (N = 171) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender, n | 0.606 | |||
| Male | 74 (64.91%) | 40 (70.18%) | 114 (66.67%) | |
| Female | 40 (35.09%) | 17 (29.82%) | 57 (33.33%) | |
| Age (years) | 44.09 ± 13.63 | 48.70 ± 16.32 | 45.63 ± 14.70 | 0.053 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.98 [22.50;27.00] | 25.00 [23.00;26.00] | 24.20 [22.50;27.00] | 0.377 |
| Hypertension, n | 0.762 | |||
| No | 84 (73.68%) | 40 (70.18%) | 124 (72.51%) | |
| Yes | 30 (26.32%) | 17 (29.82%) | 47 (27.49%) | |
| Smoking, n | 0.34 | |||
| No | 105 (92.11%) | 55 (96.49%) | 160 (93.57%) | |
| Yes | 9 (7.89%) | 2 (3.51%) | 11 (6.43%) | |
| Diabetes, n | 0.32 | |||
| No | 100 (87.72%) | 46 (80.70%) | 146 (85.38%) | |
| Yes | 14 (12.28%) | 11 (19.30%) | 25 (14.62%) | |
| Herniated disc type, n (%) | 0 | |||
| Protrusion | 42 (36.84%) | 1 (1.75%) | 43 (25.15%) | |
| Extrusion | 62 (54.39%) | 33 (57.89%) | 95 (55.56%) | |
| Sequestration | 10 (8.77%) | 23 (40.35%) | 33 (19.30%) | |
| Surgical level disc degeneration, n (%) | 0.163 | |||
| II | 8 (7.02%) | 4 (7.02%) | 12 (7.02%) | |
| III | 21 (18.42%) | 15 (26.32%) | 36 (21.05%) | |
| IV | 71 (62.28%) | 26 (45.61%) | 97 (56.73%) | |
| V | 14 (12.28%) | 12 (21.05%) | 26 (15.20%) | |
| Adjacent level disc degeneration, n (%) | 0.026 | |||
| I | 1 (0.88%) | 1 (1.75%) | 2 (1.17%) | |
| II | 25 (21.93%) | 5 (8.77%) | 30 (17.54%) | |
| III | 39 (34.21%) | 22 (38.60%) | 61 (35.67%) | |
| IV | 46 (40.35%) | 22 (38.60%) | 68 (39.77%) | |
| V | 3 (2.63%) | 7 (12.28%) | 10 (5.85%) | |
| Modic changes, n (%) | 0 | |||
| No | 105 (92.11%) | 42 (75.00%) | 147 (86.47%) | |
| Type I | 5 (4.39%) | 1 (1.79%) | 6 (3.53%) | |
| Type II | 3 (2.63%) | 12 (21.43%) | 15 (8.82%) | |
| Type III | 1 (0.88%) | 1 (1.79%) | 2 (1.18%) | |
| DHI | 0.32 [0.28;0.36] | 0.31 [0.27;0.34] | 0.32 [0.28;0.36] | 0.249 |
| sROM, (deg) | 8.18 ± 2.97 | 9.46 ± 3.60 | 8.61 ± 3.24 | 0.015 |
| FO, (deg) | 44.75 [38.50;48.50] | 49.00 [45.50;53.00] | 47.00 [39.50;50.00] | 0 |
| FT, (deg) | 4.00 [2.00;6.50] | 4.00 [2.00;6.00] | 4.00 [2.00;6.50] | 0.73 |
| CSA (pixel) | 70025.00 [56606.00;85885.00] | 70434.00 [56220.00;81577.00] | 70221.00 [56399.50;85619.00] | 0.939 |
| FI | 0.08 [0.04;0.11] | 0.09 [0.06;0.15] | 0.08 [0.05;0.13] | 0.016 |
BMI, body-mass index; DHI, disc height index; sROM, sagittal range of motion; FO, facet orientation; FT, facet tropism; CSA, cross-sectional area; FI, fat infiltration.