Figure 2.

Cellular senescence affects alveolar bone metabolism through secretion of SASP-associated proteins. MiR-96-5p promotes osteoblast senescence, leading to decreased bone differentiation. Senescence-associated dysbiosis compromises the integrity of the epithelial barrier and further destroys deeper tissues. Decreased levels of developmental endothelial locus-1, PI3K and ATG5 affect periodontal bacterial clearance, thus exacerbate periodontal inflammation. SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; miR-96-5p, micro-RNA-96-5p; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; ATG5, autophagy-related protein 5.