Table 1.

Neuropsychological assessment.

Test	Cognitive domains investigated	Number of items	Scoring range	Psychometric properties
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)	Multiple cognitive domains: attention, memory, language, visuospatial skills, executive functions, calculation, and orientation	30	0–30	High reliability and validity for detecting mild cognitive impairment; sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 87%. High test–retest (0.945) and inter-rater (0.999) reliability. Sensitivity and specificity are adequate at 95.3 and 84.5%, respectively.
Visual Search	Attention and visual scanning	Varies (typically 60–120)	Number of correct responses and time to completion	Test–retest reliability (r = 0.80); generally used to assess visual attention and processing speed
Complex Figure of Rey	Visuospatial abilities, memory, planning, and organization	N/A	Copy accuracy and recall score (typically 0–36)	Reliability (r = >0.90). Pearson correlations: accuracy scores for copy and recall is r = 0.93 and recall r = 0.97
Activities of Daily Living (ADL)	Basic daily activities: bathing, dressing, eating, etc.	Varies (typically 6)	Independence level (score varies by tool)	Measures functional status; high reliability and validity; commonly used in clinical and research settings. Good test–retest reliability (0.41–0.70) and high inter-rater reliability (0.85)
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)	More complex daily activities: using the phone, managing finances, and medication management	Varies (typically 8)	Independence level (score varies by tool)	Assesses more complex aspects of daily living; high reliability and validity in older adult populations. Good test–retest reliability (0.41–0.70) and high inter-rater reliability (0.85)
System Usability Scale (SUS)	Usability of a system tool	10	0–100 (converted to percentile rank)	Widely used tool for assessing usability; high reliability (r = 0.822); validated across various systems