Table 5.

Farm level avian influenza subtype H5 detection, H5N1/H9N2 vaccination status and other biosecurity measures January 2022 to February 2022 (N = 400)

Variables	No. (%) farms	No. (%) farms positive for avian influenza A/H5	OR (95% CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	P value
H5N1 Vaccination status
No	200	2	Ref.
Yes	200	1	0.49 (0.45–0.55)	< 0.001	0.39 (0.32–0.48)	< 0.001
H9N2 Vaccination status
No	349	3	Ref.
Yes	51	0	Undefined
Types of chicken
Exotic layer chicken	393	3	Ref.
Sonali	7	-	Undefined	-
Farm size
Small (≤ 1000 chicken)	151	-	Ref.
Medium (1001–2000 chicken)	136	3	Undefined
Large (> 2000 chicken)	113	-	Undefined
Presence of fence around farm
No	241	3	Ref.
Yes	159	0	Undefined
Cleaning farm premises
Daily	72		Ref.
Every alternative day	193	2	Undefined
Weekly	49		Undefined
Fortnightly	17	1	Undefined
Monthly	69		Undefined
Disinfection inside farm premises
Daily	53		Ref.
Every alternative day	120		Undefined
Weekly	187	2	Undefined
Fortnightly	11		Undefined
Monthly	22	1	Undefined
No disinfection	7		Undefined
Drainage system
Nonfunctional or absent	246	3	Ref.
Functional	154	0	Undefined
Slaughtering chicken within farm yard
No	249	1	Ref.
Yes	151	2	3.33 (2.42–4.56)	< 0.001	3.36 (2.36–4.77)	< 0.001
Using separate shoes during entering inside farm
No	56	1	Ref.
Yes	344	2	0.32 (0.15–0.67)	0.003	0.34 (0.14–0.85)	< 0.022
Raising multiple poultry species adjacent to the farm
No	396	3	Ref.
Yes	4	0	Undefined
Access within farm yard by outside transports
No	89	0	Ref.
Yes	311	3	Undefined