Table 2. Odds of PRISm and variable obstruction based on eGFR and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) in the entire cohort.

	PRISm*				Variable obstruction†
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value	OR (95% CI)	P value
eGFR‡	1.00 (1.00,1.01)	0.30	1.00 (1.00,1.01)	0.28	1.00 (0.99,1.00)	0.31	0.99 (0.98,1.00)	0.11
UACR‡	1.24(1.14,1.36)	<0.0001	1.10(1.01,1.21)	0.03	0.97 (0.84,1.12)	0.70	0.95 (0.81,1.12)	0.55
UACR<30	reference
UACR 30–300	1.80(1.42,2.29)	<0.0001	1.33 (1.01,1.76)	0.05	1.21 (0.79,1.85)	0.36	1.23 (0.79,1.91)	0.35
UACR>300	3.01(1.68,5.41)	<0.001	1.86 (1.01,3.42)	0.05	1.83 (0.47,7.16)	0.37	1.94 (0.47,8.03)	0.35
eGFR>60	reference
eGFR<60	1.23 (0.85,1.79)	0.26	1.11 (0.78,1.58)	0.56	1.62(1.03,2.56)	0.04	1.72(1.07,2.74)	0.03

Model 1: adjusted by age, sex, ethethnicity, education, annual household income; Model 2: adjusted by model 1+BMI, hypertension, smoking, cardiovascular disease;.PRISm was defined as FEV predicted and FEV/; was defined as pre-bronchodialator FEV/ post-bronchodialator FEV/; As continuous variable

Bold values denote statistical significance (p < 0.05)

^*PRISm was defined as FEV₁<80% predicted and FEV₁/FVC≥0.7.

^†Variable obstruction was defined as prebronchodialator FEV₁/FVC<0.7 and postbronchodialator FEV₁/FVC≥0.7.

^‡As continuous variable.

BMIbody mass indexeGFRestimated glomerular filtration rateFEV₁forced expiratory volume in 1 sFVCforced vital capacityPRISmpreserved ratio impaired spirometry