Fig. 4. Performance of a floating, scalable, and recyclable artificial bio-leaf system for artificial photosynthesis.

(A) Absorption spectra of ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/MoO₃ polymer semiconductor film before and after a 2-week period of artificial photosynthesis testing; the inset is a comparison picture. (B) The total acetate yield of the ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PCBM/MoO₃ polymer semiconductor film in the artificial biohybrid system while immersed in the medium and the floating state. (Inset: Multilayer film 1: simulating the shape of a natural leaf; and multilayer film 2: the film shape used in this work. Pictures of the artificial biohybrid system in submerged and floating states.) (C) The total acetate yield of the artificial leaf system following scaling up of the multilayer film area. The demonstration of a large floating leaf in a lotus pond (inset). (D) OD₆₀₀ and acetate yield in artificial photosynthesis test with multilayer film cycling for three cycles of an artificial biohybrid system. (E) Photograph of quasi–solid-state artificial leaf. (F) Comparison of the acetate yield for artificial photosynthesis test using a quasi–solid-state artificial leaf and a solution state artificial photosynthetic system.