Table 1:
Baseline Characteristics according to self-Reported annual baseline income.
| Characteristics | Total (N=95) | Income <$50K/yr. (n=33, 34.7%) | Income ≥$50K/yr. (n=62, 65.3%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean, years (SD) | 64.9 (9.1) | 66 (9.6) | 64.5 (8.6) | 0.46 |
| Male sex (%) | 55 (57.9) | 18 (54.5) | 37 (59.7) | 0.63 |
| Race- Non-Hispanic White (%) | 85 (89.5) | 30 (90.9) | 55 (88.7) | 0.194 |
| Past medical history (%) | ||||
| Congestive Heart Failure | 6 (6.3) | 1 (3.0) | 5 (8.1) | 0.337 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 15 (15.8) | 4 (12.1) | 11 (17.7) | 0.475 |
| Valvular disease | 10 (10.5) | 4 (12.1) | 6 (9.7) | 0.712 |
| Vascular disease | 25 (26.3) | 11 (33.3) | 14 (22.6) | 0.257 |
| Essential Hypertension | 71(74.7) | 26 (78.8) | 45 (72.6) | 0.507 |
| Diabetes | 22 (23.2) | 6 (18.2) | 16 (25.9) | 0.402 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 81 (85.3) | 29 (87.9) | 52 (83.9) | 0.6 |
| COPD | 9 (9.5) | 5 (15.2) | 4 (6.5) | 0.17 |
| Renal disease | 5 (5.3) | 4 (12.1) | 1 (1.6) | 0.029 |
| Major bleeding event | 5 (5.3) | 3 (9.1) | 2 (3.2) | 0.223 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 18 (18.9) | 6 (18.2) | 12 (19.6) | 0.889 |
| Obstructive Sleep Apnea | 27 (28.4) | 7 (21.2) | 20 (32.3) | 0.256 |
| Medication Use (%) | ||||
| Anti-arrhythmic medication | 2 (2.1) | 2 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.05 |
| Beta blocker | 40 (42.1) | 12 (36.4) | 28 (45.2) | 0.408 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 18 (19) | 4 (12.2) | 14 (22.6) | 0.216 |
| Hypertension medication | 53 (55.8) | 20 (60.6) | 33 (53.2) | 0.49 |
| Antiplatelet medication | 83 (87.4) | 27 (81.8) | 56 (90.3) | 0.235 |
| Anticoagulant | 11 (11.6) | 3 (9.1) | 8 (12.9) | 0.58 |
| Statin | 88 (92.6) | 28 (84.9) | 60 (96.8) | 0.034 |
| Physiologic Parameters | ||||
| BMI, mean, Kg/m2 (SD) | 31.5 ± 19.6 | 28.3 ± 3.4 | 33.7 ± 25.2 | 0.226 |
| Systolic BP, mean, mmHg (SD) | 130.7 ± 16.6 | 135.5 ± 20.1 | 129.2 ± 14.4 | 0.082 |
| Diastolic BP, mean, mmHg (SD) | 76.0 ± 8.9 | 77.8 ± 7.8 | 75.6 ± 9.4 | 0.259 |
| Heart rate, mean, bpm (SD) | 73.6 ± 14.1 | 75.2 ± 12.8 | 72.1 ± 15.3 | 0.331 |
| Technology Engagement (%) | ||||
| Device Ownership | ||||
| Smartphone | 81 (85.3) | 25 (75.8) | 56 (90.3) | 0.057 |
| Smartwatch | 26 (27.4) | 6 (18.2) | 20 (32.3) | 0.143 |
| App use frequency | ||||
| Daily | 58 (66.0) | 16 (55.2) | 42 (71.1) | 0.461 |
| Never | 5 (5.7) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (3.4) | |
| Other | 25 (28.4) | 10 (34.5) | 15 (25.4) | |
| Mean daily wear time (hours) | 4.01 (2.3) | 3.77 (2.3) | 4.16 (2.3) | 0.45 |
| Psychosocial Characteristics (%) | ||||
| Social isolation at baseline | 12 (12.6) | 6 (18.2) | 6 (9.7) | 0.235 |
| Cognitive impairment | 25 (26.6) | 12 (36.4) | 13 (21.3) | 0.115 |
| Depression via (PHQ-9) | ||||
| None (Score: 0-4) | 51 (54.3) | 11 (34.4) | 40 (64.5) | 0.004 |
| Mild (Score: 5-9) | 31 (33.0) | 12 (37.8) | 19 (30.7) | |
| Moderate (Score: 10-14) | 7 (7.5) | 4 (12.5) | 3 (4.9) | |
| Moderately severe (Score: 15-19) | 4 (4.3) | 4 (12.5) | 0 | |
| Severe (Score: 20-27) | 1 (1.1) | 1 (3.1) | 0 | |
| Depression via (PHQ-9) (%) | 43 (45.7) | 21 (65.6) | 22 (35.5) | |
| Anxiety via GAD-7 score | ||||
| None (Score: 0-4) | 64 (68.8) | 15 (45.4) | 49 (81.7) | <0.001 |
| Mild (Score: 5-9) | 20 (21.5) | 14 (42.4) | 6 (10.0) | |
| Moderate (Score: 10-14) | 7 (7.5) | 2 (6.1) | 5 (8.3) | |
| Severe (Score: 15 +) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (6.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Anxiety via GAD-7 score (%) | 29 (31.2) | 18 (54.5) | 11 (18.3) | |
| Patient activation (CHAI score) | ||||
| Low (0-79) | 31 (34.1) | 15 (46.9) | 16 (27.1) | 0.122 |
| Medium (80-94) | 45 (49.5) | 14 (43.8) | 31 (52.5) | |
| High (95-100) | 15 (16.5) | 3 (9.3) | 12 (20.4) | |
Abbreviations (alphabetically): CHAI: Consumer Health Activation Index; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SD: Standard Deviation.