Table 1. Description of the included patients and comparison between clusters 1 and 2.
| Parameter | All | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | pval 1|2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 149 | 122 | 25 | . |
| Age, yr | 71.4 [64.4; 76.2] | 70.95 [64.5; 75.8] | 74.59 [59.9; 79.5] | 0.25 |
| Sex, no (%), men | 108 (72.4) | 88 (72.131) | 19 (76) | 0.69 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.6 [25.4; 32] | 28.8 [25.7; 32.0] | 27.2 [23.4; 32.3] | 0.25 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 67 (45) | 56 (45.902) | 10 (40) | 0.59 |
| Cardio-vascular disease | 27 (18.2) | 20 (16.393) | 7 (28) | 0.17 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 7 (4.6) | 7 (5.738) | 0.22 | |
| Immunosuppression§ | 24 (16.2) | 18 (14.754) | 5 (20) | 0.51 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 24 (16.2) | 18 (14.754) | 5 (20) | 0.51 |
| Time from 1st symp to ICU admission | 9 [7; 11] | 9 [7; 11] | 11 [7; 13] | 0.12 |
| Converting Enzyme Inhibitors | 4 (2.6) | 3 (2.459) | 1 (4) | 0.67 |
| Diarrhea | 11 (7.4) | 11 (9.016) | 0.12 | |
| Lopinavir Ritonavir | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.82) | 1 (4) | 0.21 |
| Remdesivir | 47 (31.6) | 43 (35.246) | 3 (12) | 0.02 |
| Corticosteroids | 130 (87.2) | 111 (90.984) | 17 (68) | <0.01 |
| Antimicrobial therapy | 36 (24.2) | 25 (20.492) | 10 (40) | 0.04 |
| Aminoglycosides | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.82) | 1 (4) | 0.21 |
| Vancomycine | 2 (1.4) | 1 (0.82) | 1 (4) | 0.21 |
| Diuretics | 132 (88.6) | 109 (89.344) | 21 (84) | 0.43 |
| Extent of COVID lesion on CT scan | 47 [33; 63] | 46.5 [30; 60] | 58 [46; 70] | 0.02 |
| Type of variant- Clade|Lineage|WHOlabel | ||||
| 19B|A | 1 (0.67) | 0 | 1 (4.55) | |
| 20A|B.1.160|EU2 | 59 (39.60) | 47 (41.59) | 10 (45.46) | 0.51 |
| 20A|otherslineagesthan | 13 (8.72) | 11 (9.74) | 2 (9.09) | |
| 20C|B.1.367 | 1 (0.67) | 1 (0.89) | ||
| 20D|B.1.1.16 | 1 (0.67) | 1 (0.89) | ||
| 20E|B.1.177|EU1 | 10 (6.7) | 8 (7.08) | 2 (9.09) | |
| 20I|B.1.1.7|Alpha | 2 (1.34) | 2 (1.77) | ||
| nongenotyped | 43 (38.053) | 7 (31.82) | ||
| During ICU first two days | ||||
| SAPS II | 35 [29; 44] | 35 [29; 42] | 42 [31; 49] | 0.03 |
| SOFA | 4 [3; 5] | 4 [3; 5] | 5 [4; 8] | <0.01 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | 101 [70; 232] | 106 [76; 280] | 76 [58; 104] | 0.01 |
| Vasopressors | 18 (12) | 10 (8.197) | 7 (28) | <0.01 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 20 (13.4) | 12 (9.836) | 7 (28) | 0.01 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 2 (1.4) | 2 (8) | <0.01 | |
| Pneumonia on admission | 11 (7.4) | 9 (7.377) | 1 (4) | 0.54 |
| Bacteriemia | 4 (2.6) | 1 (0.82) | 3 (12) | <0.01 |
| Characteristics of AKI during ICU stay | ||||
| No AKI | 103 (69.1) | 92 (75.41) | 11 (44) | <0.01 |
| Transient AKI | 20 (43.4) | 14 (11.475) | 6 (24) | . |
| Persistant AKI | 12 (26) | 6 (4.918) | 5 (20) | . |
| Acute kidney disease | 14 (30.4) | 10 (8.197) | 3 (12) | . |
| No AKI | 103 (69.2) | 93 (76.23) | 10 (40) | <0.01 |
| Kdigo 1 | 27 (18.2) | 19 (15.574) | 8 (32) | . |
| Kdigo 2 | 9 (6) | 4 (3.279) | 4 (16) | . |
| Kdigo 3 | 10 (6.8) | 6 (4.918) | 3 (12) | . |
| During the whole ICU stay | ||||
| Vasopressors | 50 (33.6) | 35 (28.689) | 13 (52) | 0.02 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 50 (33.6) | 36 (29.508) | 12 (48) | 0.07 |
| ECMO | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.82) | 0.65 | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation duration | 0 [0; 5] | 0 [0; 2] | 0 [0; 11] | 0.05 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 8 (5.4) | 7 (5.738) | 1 (4) | 0.73 |
| Ventilator associated pneumoniae | 18 (12) | 13 (10.656) | 5 (20) | 0.19 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 21 (14) | 15 (12.295) | 5 (20) | 0.31 |
| Decision not to intubate during ICU Stay | 25 (16.8) | 16 (13.115) | 7 (28) | 0.06 |
| Length of ICU stay, d (IQR) | 7 [5; 12] | 7 [5; 11] | 9 [6; 15] | 0.09 |
| Death in ICU | 45 (30.2) | 30 (24.59) | 13 (52) | <0.01 |
| Length of Hospital Stay, d (IQR) | 15 [10; 24] | 16 [10; 24] | 15 [9; 21] | 0.63 |
| In-hospital death | 52 (34.8) | 35 (28.689) | 15 (60) | <0.01 |
| RRT at hospital discharge (missing = 59) | 1 (1.2) | 9 (11.538) | 1 (12.5) | 0.94 |
| GFR < 60 mL/min at 90 days (missing = 63) | 10 (11.6) | 1 (1.235) | 0.74 | |
| RRT at 90 days (missing = 62) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Death at 90 days | 55 (37) | 37 (30.328) | 16 (64) | <0.01 |
| MAKE-90 | 65 (43.6) | 46 (37.705) | 17 (68) | <0.01 |
AKI: acute kidney injury, BMI: body mass index, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, ICU: intensive care unit, IMV: invasive mechanical ventilation, KDIGO: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes, LOS: length of stay, MAKE: major adverse kidney event, RRT: renal replacement therapy, SAPS II: simple acute physiology score II, SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment.
§Aplasia (lymphocytes < 1000/mm3); or corticosteroids (if treatment duration >1 month or if treatment amount >2mg/kg regardless of duration); or HIV (positive serology); AIDS (positive HIV serology and clinical complications: pneumocystis pneumonia, Kaposi’s sarcoma, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis