Table 2.

Synthesised D5 Workflow from case studies and enabling technologies to upscale the reuse of building materials (as explained in “Methods”)

	1. Detection	2. Disassembly	3. Distribution	4. Design	5. Deployment
To fully upscale reuse from the existing building stock, we need to:	Identify buildings pre-demolition	Invent materials for post-disassembly sorting	Give materials an identity for new construction sites	Design with the available stock of reused materials	Fabricate buildings with bespoke reused materials
Methods	Data and image processing to identify material stock in cities	Geometry and material identification	Database management for tracking, tracing and trading	Human-machine interaction for creativity support	Connection fabrication and assembly
Digital technology	• ML • CV	• Reality capture • Scan-to-BIM • CV • XR	• DPPs • Tracking and tracing technologies • Blockchain	• Generative AI • Computational design algorithms	• Additive & subtractive manufacturing • XR
Case studies	• Zurich City	• Geneva warehouse • Zurich music pavilion • K118	• Database of disassembled timber beams for reuse in domes	• Dome 5.1 • Dome 5.2	• Dome 5.1 • Dome 5.2 • Dome 5.x