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. 2024 Nov 1;15:9462. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53724-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a XRD patterns of Mo and Mo₂N. b STEM-EDX elemental mapping of Mo₂N, showing the homogeneous distribution of Mo (red) and N (green), respectively. c HRTEM image of Mo₂N. Insets show the corresponding FFT pattern and atomic model viewed along the same direction. d The concentration of typical ions in natural seawater and the solubility of the corresponding hydroxides. Error bars are based on the standard deviation of three independent measurements. e HER polarization curves of Mo, Mo₂N, and commercial Pt/C catalysts before and after different potential cycles in natural seawater at room temperature (100% iR correction, where R was determined to be 23.7 ± 0.2 Ω). Catalyst loading: ~1.0 mg cm⁻². Sweep rate: 5 mV s⁻¹. Rotation rate: 1600 rpm. f The increase in overpotential at 10 mA cm⁻² for Mo₂N and Pt/C catalysts before and after different potential cycles. g EIS Nyquist plots of Mo₂N and Pt/C catalysts before and after different potential cycles. Inset shows the enlarged EIS Nyquist plots of Mo₂N. h Chronopotentiometry curves of Mo₂N and Pt/C catalysts performed in natural seawater.