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. 2024 Oct 15;109:105395. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105395

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© 2024 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 3 — Integration of circadian rhythms and immunotherapy for enhanced treatment of brain tumours. Circadian rhythms dictate various processes that affect the efficacy of brain cancer treatment. The immune cells exhibit circadian changes in activity, sensitivity, immune checkpoint expression, and infiltration rates. Similarly, circadian rhythms dictate the permeability of the BBB. On the other hand, the malfunctioning of the circadian clock in brain cancer boosts cancer progression. Simultaneously, these changes can attract immunosuppressive microglia, further shaping an immunosuppressive TME. Taken together, circadian rhythms may provide an optimal time-window for administering chronomedicine, targeting the clock, or immunotherapeutic interventions. Made with BioRender. BBB: blood-brain barrier; CAR: chimeric antigen receptor; DC: dendritic cell; ICI: immune checkpoint inhibitors; NK: natural killer; RORE: ROR response element; TME: tumour microenvironment.