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. 2024 Nov 1;15:9435. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53713-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — UPS spectra of VBM onset and photoemission cutoff energy boundary of (a) SnS₂ and (b) Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETLs. The Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETL shows the shallowest CBM position, highlighting its potential as the preferred ETL candidate for nip-type TPSCs. c KPFM curves and images of the TiO₂, SnS₂ and Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETLs. The scalebars are 1 um. d UV-vis optical transmission spectra of TiO₂, SnS₂ and Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETLs, revealing similar optical transparency between the Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETL and the TiO₂ ETL throughout the spectrum. e J-V curves at the trap-free SCLC regime of TiO₂, SnS₂ and Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETLs, fitted with the Mott-Gurney law. The results suggest that the mobility of the Sn(S_0.92Se_0.08)₂ ETL is an order of magnitude higher than that of the TiO₂ ETL.