Table 2.

Summary of efficiency of biomass derived PAC in different battery device system.

Biomass sources	Battery type	Role	Capacity (mAh g−1)	Retention	Reference
Cherry pit	Lithium-ion	Anode	160	95 % at 2.8 V, after 200 cycles	[121]
Rice husk	Lithium-ion	Cathode	17 at 100 mA g−1	at 2.5 V after 500 cycles	[11]
Rice husk	Lithium-ion	Anode	∼253	∼81 %, after 400 cycles	[149]
Agar	Lithium-ion	Anode	320	at 0.1C after 100 cycles	[150]
Bagasse	Lithium-ion	Anode	325 at 100 mA g−1	after 100 cycles	[151]
Apple	Lithium-ion	Anode	1050 at 100 mA g−1	after 200 cycles	[152]
Celery	Lithium-ion	Anode	990 at 100 mA g−1	after 200 cycles	[152]
Borassus flabellifer	Sodium-ion	Anode	332 at 20 mA g-	86.4 %, after 500 cycles	[153]
Apple	Sodium-ion	Anode	438	after 200 cycles	[152]
Celery	Sodium-ion	Anode	451	after 200 cycles	[152]
Brewer's spent grain	Sodium-ion	Anode	296 at 50 mA g−1	86.4 %, after 400 cycles	[154]
Rice husk	Lithium-Sulfur	Cathode	1230 and 970	at 0.1C and 0.2C after 100 cycles	[11]
Milk waste	Lithium-Sulfur	Separator/cathode	495.2	At 100 cycle	[155]
Coconut shells	Lithium-Sulfur	Cathode	929	80 %, after 100 cycles	[139]
Peanut shell	Lithium-Sulfur	Cathode	619	95 %, at 0.2C, after 100 cycles	[156]
Pomelo peel	Lithium-Sulfur	Cathode	750	96 %, at 2C, after 100 cycles	[157]
Chitin	Aluminium-air	Cathode	32.24 mW cm−2 at 20 mA cm−2	At a discharge voltage of 1.17 V	[158]
Wheat straw	Zinc-air	Cathode	740.7	90.3 %	[159]
Poplar inflorescence	Lithium-O2	Cathode	12060 at 0.02 mA cm−2	At an average voltage of 2.8 V	[160]