Fig. 4.

Human intestinal SCs contribute to pre-DC differentiation and maturation. Gating protocols for the isolation of (A) circulating CD1c⁺ pre-DCs and (B) intestinal CD1c⁺ DCs. (C) T-cell proliferation (CFSE) and IFN-γ release after stimulation with LF82 (MOI 1) and (D) ALDH1A2 mRNA expression after co-culture with RA (100 nM) (n = 3) or N SCs + ROL (2 μM) (n = 3) (mean ± SEM; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). CD = cluster of differentiation; CFSE = carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; DC = dendritic cell; HLA-DR = human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype; IFN = interferon; MOI = multiplicity of infection; mRNA = messenger ribonucleic acid; N SCs = normal SCs; RA = retinoic acid; ROL = retinol; SC = stromal cell; SEM = standard error of the mean.