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. 2024 Nov 2;11:1192. doi: 10.1038/s41597-024-03951-4

Table 7.

Performance of models using standardized view.

Model Time Frequency
KH MS RW-T RW-W UCI WDM Mean KH MS RW-T RW-W UCI WDM Mean
KNN 49.3% 66.6% 43.6% 53.4% 66.7% 60.7% 56.7% 86.8% 90.9% 65.2% 74.5% 81.7% 89.8% 81.5%
Random Forest 80.7% 89.1% 62.5% 67.2% 88.1% 85.5% 78.8% 82.6% 92.9% 80.5% 74.7% 92.8% 89.5% 85.5%
SVM 61.1% 76.7% 64.7% 65.2% 78.6% 74.6% 70.2% 71.5% 81.9% 74.1% 73.6% 79.7% 78.7% 76.6%
CNN (1D)12 78.1% 92.2% 69.8% 73.4% 94.9% 90.3% 83.1% 73.5% 91.1% 74.7% 81.6% 94.0% 90.7% 84.3%
CNN (2D)12 80.7% 94.2% 74.0% 75.8% 93.7% 87.6% 84.3% 77.2% 91.9% 74.6% 80.9% 91.0% 89.9% 84.3%
CNN PF34 79.2% 94.9% 69.9% 79.3% 95.2% 85.7% 84.0% 80.6% 90.7% 65.6% 83.8% 95.3% 91.0% 84.5%
CNN PFF34 80.0% 94.0% 67.4% 80.6% 96.9% 87.5% 84.4% 78.2% 91.7% 64.3% 83.0% 95.7% 90.2% 83.8%
ConvNet13 78.5% 95.8% 63.6% 77.5% 96.9% 87.3% 83.3% 81.2% 92.4% 81.5% 84.5% 94.4% 91.3% 87.6%
IMU CNN14 78.2% 87.7% 59.9% 69.7% 91.9% 83.6% 78.5% 80.7% 93.6% 65.3% 81.1% 95.5% 91.7% 84.6%
IMU Transf.14 73.5% 64.3% 63.0% 73.1% 62.8% 45.9% 63.8% 70.8% 77.6% 63.5% 77.4% 78.7% 57.9% 71.0%
MLP (2 Layers) 75.8% 84.3% 57.3% 62.5% 79.7% 81.7% 73.5% 86.9% 91.2% 74.3% 80.9% 92.6% 90.3% 86.0%
MLP (3 layers) 79.4% 84.1% 57.6% 64.1% 81.8% 81.4% 74.7% 86.0% 90.9% 74.8% 79.7% 93.5% 90.5% 85.9%
ResNet15 81.4% 79.5% 67.6% 74.6% 91.0% 79.6% 78.9% 71.9% 85.9% 67.2% 80.6% 90.7% 85.0% 80.2%
ResNetSE67 80.8% 83.0% 69.6% 74.7% 90.7% 76.9% 79.3% 67.4% 84.6% 70.0% 74.5% 84.6% 85.0% 77.7%
ResNetSE-567 82.6% 84.9% 74.1% 69.1% 92.1% 82.0% 80.8% 71.3% 88.5% 68.6% 78.6% 91.3% 81.0% 79.9%
Max 82.6% 95.8% 74.1% 80.6% 96.9% 90.3% 84.4% 86.9% 93.6% 81.5% 84.5% 95.7% 91.7% 87.6%

The best results for each dataset and for each domain (time and frequency) are highlighted in bold. Mean column represents the average performance of the model in the datasets.