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. 2024 Oct 5;10(20):e39013. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39013

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Overview of the study design in our Mendelian randomization study. Three assumptions of MR analysis are as follows: (1) SNPs must be associated with the exposure, (2) SNPs not directly be associated with any outcomes, and (3) SNPs must not be associated with any confounding factor.