Table 1. Ethogram.

Behavior name	Behavior category	Definition
Standing	Inactive	Animal is upright with weight supported on feet and not performing another behavior listed.
Sittinga	Inactive	Animal has weight supported on legs or ventral surface. May be alert with head elevated or sleeping with head resting on their body.
Browsing/ Feed	Feed/ Forage/ Drink	Animal is using tongue or mouth to strip or pluck leaves or bark from a branch (can include environmental foliage as well as diet items). This includes chewing and consumption of food items gained through browsing.
Extractive Foraging/ Feed	Feed/ Forage/ Drink	Animal is using tongue or mouth to extract food from within an enclosed object (e.g., hanging extractive feeding bags or buckets). This includes chewing and consumption of food items gained through extractive foraging.
Ruminating	Feed/ Forage/ Drink	Regurgitation and chewing cud of previously eaten food. Does not include periods of chewing which might accompany foraging and should be recorded as “Feeding.”
Other Feeding/ Drinking	Feed/ Forage/ Drink	Animal is performing any other feeding behavior (e.g., feeding from troughs, grazing on grass, foraging across substrate, guest hand feeding).
Locomotion	Locomotion	Animal is moving at least one body’s length in a non-stereotypical manner.
Tongue Playb	Stereotypy	Animal is moving tongue outside of mouth in a repetitive, twisting or rolling movement. May have food item present but not actively chewing food.
Repetitive Lickingb	Stereotypy	Animal is repeatedly moving tongue across a non-food, stationary object (e.g., walls, fencing, or trees).
Pacingb	Stereotypy	Animal is walking in a repetitive manner along a fixed path without an apparent goal or function. The animal must move along the path three times to qualify as pacing. [Note: If an interval occurs during the first two transects and the animal continues into a pacing bout, score pacing].
Other Stereotypyb	Stereotypy	Animal is performing any other non-functional, invariant, and repetitive behavior not listed above (please score whether the stereotypy type is Oral, Motor, Locomotor, or Other).
Other Solitary	Other Solitary	Animal is performing any other solitary behavior, including but not limited to self-maintenance behaviors, exploratory behaviors, and elimination behaviors.
Affiliative	Social	Animal makes physical contact with another conspecific individual in an affiliative manner, including rubbing necks, heads, bodies, or muzzles or sniffing and licking the muzzle or non-anogenital area of the body.
Sexual	Social	Animal is physically mounting or attempting to mount a conspecific animal or investigating the animal or environment in a sexual manner (e.g., anogenital exam, urine investigation, flehmen).
Agonistic	Social	Animal performs any aggressive behavior, either with or without contact, or any displacement/ avoidance behavior.
Other Social Behavior	Social	Animal is performing a social behavior not previously listed.
Behavior Obscured	Not Visible	The behavior of the animal cannot be determined but the location of the animal is known and in the habitat spaces under observation (i.e., record a corresponding space use location).
Animal Not Visible	Not Visible	The animal is completely not visible and its location is unknown (i.e., do not record a space use location) or in an off-exhibit area not under observation.

Notes.

^aThis behavior is comparable to “Rest (Lying)” of Seeber, Ciofolo & Ganswindt (2012).

^bThese behaviors were recorded on an all-occurrence and interval basis.