Table 2. Joinpoint analysis of LE and HALE at birth across Asia-Pacific countries, 1990 to 2021.
| Categories | location | Years | Total study period | Period 1 | Period 2 | Period 3 | Period 4 | Period 5 | Period 6 | ||||||||
| 1990 | 2021 | AAPC (%) | 95% CI | Years | APC (%) | Years | APC (%) | Years | APC (%) | Years | APC (%) | Years | APC (%) | Years | APC (%) | ||
| Note: “−” means no joinpoints identified. Abbreviations: AAPC=average annual percent change; APC=annual percent change; LE=life expectancy; HALE=health-adjusted life expectancy; DPRK=Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. * Statistically significant at a two-tailed P<0.05. | |||||||||||||||||
| LE at birth |
Afghanistan | 52.47 | 58.23 | 0.35* | (0.11, 0.58) | 1990−1995 | 0.64* | 1995−1998 | −0.76 | 1998−2012 | 1.01* | 2012−2019 | 0.13 | 2019−2021 | −2.53* | − | − |
| Australia | 76.84 | 83.41 | 0.27* | (0.26, 0.28) | 1990−2006 | 0.36* | 2006−2021 | 0.18* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Bangladesh | 58.91 | 72.26 | 0.71* | (0.58, 0.84) | 1990−1994 | 1.67* | 1994−2017 | 0.74* | 2017−2021 | −0.43 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Bhutan | 60.16 | 73.74 | 0.68* | (0.64, 0.72) | 1990−2004 | 0.98* | 2004−2012 | 0.65* | 2012−2021 | 0.25* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Brunei Darussalam | 71.20 | 76.60 | 0.25* | (0.22, 0.28) | 1990−1996 | 0.48* | 1996−2009 | 0.30* | 2009−2016 | −0.10* | 2016−2021 | 0.34* | − | − | − | − | |
| Cambodia | 57.45 | 68.19 | 0.56* | (0.52, 0.60) | 1990−1999 | 0.40* | 1999−2010 | 1.03* | 2010−2019 | 0.43* | 2019−2021 | −0.70* | − | − | − | − | |
| China | 67.67 | 77.58 | 0.45* | (0.41, 0.49) | 1990−1999 | 0.49* | 1999−2004 | 0.38* | 2004−2007 | 0.85* | 2007−2010 | 0.37* | 2010−2015 | 0.53* | 2015−2021 | 0.22* | |
| DPRK | 69.88 | 73.27 | 0.09 | (−0.40, 0.58) | 1990−2000 | −1.64 | 2000−2004 | 3.86* | 2004−2021 | 0.24 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Fiji | 66.26 | 66.10 | 0.01 | (−0.05, 0.07) | 1990−1997 | −0.11* | 1997−2019 | 0.17* | 2019−2021 | −1.32* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| India | 60.80 | 68.75 | 0.40* | (0.36, 0.43) | 1990−1998 | 0.46* | 1998−2002 | 0.81* | 2002−2019 | 0.46* | 2019−2021 | −1.25* | − | − | − | − | |
| Indonesia | 64.01 | 69.51 | 0.24* | (0.12, 0.36) | 1990−2019 | 0.34* | 2019−2021 | −1.15 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| The Islamic Republic of Iran | 67.51 | 74.37 | 0.31* | (0.22, 0.41) | 1990−1992 | 1.91* | 1992−2019 | 0.40* | 2019−2021 | −2.39* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Japan | 79.35 | 85.15 | 0.24* | (0.22, 0.25) | 1990−2002 | 0.30* | 2002−2021 | 0.20* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 52.52 | 67.78 | 0.83* | (0.81, 0.85) | 1990−1999 | 0.98* | 1999−2012 | 1.08* | 2012−2019 | 0.58* | 2019−2021 | −0.54* | − | − | − | − | |
| Malaysia | 72.12 | 72.87 | 0.12* | (0.09, 0.15) | 1990−2021 | 0.12* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Maldives | 65.67 | 79.41 | 0.62* | (0.55, 0.69) | 1990−2007 | 0.94* | 2007−2019 | 0.38* | 2019−2021 | −0.64 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Mongolia | 62.51 | 70.05 | 0.40* | (0.32, 0.48) | 1990−1995 | −0.21 | 1995−2019 | 0.57* | 2019−2021 | −0.20 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Myanmar | 55.06 | 67.63 | 0.80* | (0.73, 0.88) | 1990−2021 | 0.80* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Nepal | 57.98 | 68.38 | 0.54* | (0.47, 0.60) | 1990−2001 | 1.19* | 2001−2006 | 0.67* | 2006−2019 | 0.33* | 2019−2021 | −2.01* | − | − | − | − | |
| New Zealand | 75.50 | 82.44 | 0.29* | (0.27, 0.30) | 1990−2007 | 0.37* | 2007−2021 | 0.19* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Pakistan | 62.50 | 64.96 | 0.10* | (0.02, 0.18) | 1990−1997 | −0.18* | 1997−2019 | 0.38* | 2019−2021 | −1.90* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Papua New Guinea | 61.42 | 63.49 | 0.13* | (0.06, 0.21) | 1990−1996 | 0.46* | 1996−2006 | 0.10* | 2006−2019 | 0.33* | 2019−2021 | −1.92* | − | − | − | − | |
| Philippines | 68.45 | 68.27 | −0.01 | (−0.09, 0.07) | 1990−2019 | 0.11* | 2019−2021 | −1.75* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Republic of Korea | 71.97 | 83.23 | 0.48* | (0.45, 0.50) | 1990−1992 | 0.74* | 1992−2003 | 0.56* | 2003−2007 | 0.67* | 2007−2015 | 0.44* | 2015−2019 | 0.29* | 2019−2021 | −0.07 | |
| Singapore | 75.59 | 85.70 | 0.42* | (0.40, 0.43) | 1990−2015 | 0.44* | 2015−2021 | 0.30* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Sri Lanka | 69.62 | 76.60 | 0.35* | (0.29, 0.41) | 1990−2021 | 0.35* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Thailand | 71.02 | 76.28 | 0.23* | (0.18, 0.29) | 1990−1996 | −0.12* | 1996−2004 | 0.34* | 2004−2012 | 0.74* | 2012−2019 | 0.15* | 2019−2021 | −0.85* | − | − | |
| Timor−Leste | 59.30 | 68.58 | 0.55* | (0.39, 0.71) | 1990−2008 | 0.89* | 2008−2021 | 0.08 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Viet Nam | 69.36 | 74.00 | 0.21* | (0.21, 0.22) | 1990−2000 | 0.40* | 2000−2010 | 0.09* | 2010−2019 | 0.23* | 2019−2021 | −0.18* | − | − | − | − | |
| HALE at birth |
Afghanistan | 44.86 | 49.87 | 0.35* | (0.12, 0.59) | 1990−1995 | 0.65* | 1995−1998 | −0.76 | 1998−2012 | 1.01* | 2012−2019 | 0.12 | 2019−2021 | −2.41* | − | − |
| Australia | 65.97 | 70.79 | 0.23* | (0.22, 0.24) | 1990−2005 | 0.29* | 2005−2021 | 0.17* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Bangladesh | 51.02 | 62.45 | 0.69* | (0.56, 0.82) | 1990−1995 | 1.53* | 1995−2018 | 0.71* | 2018−2021 | −0.87 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Bhutan | 52.36 | 63.93 | 0.67* | (0.62, 0.71) | 1990−2004 | 0.95* | 2004−2012 | 0.66* | 2012−2021 | 0.25* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Brunei Darussalam | 62.88 | 66.90 | 0.21* | (0.19, 0.24) | 1990−1996 | 0.44* | 1996−2009 | 0.28* | 2009−2016 | −0.09* | 2016−2021 | 0.21* | − | − | − | − | |
| Cambodia | 50.20 | 60.02 | 0.58* | (0.54, 0.63) | 1990−1999 | 0.42* | 1999−2008 | 1.09* | 2008−2012 | 0.77* | 2012−2019 | 0.41* | 2019−2021 | −0.68* | − | − | |
| China | 60.32 | 68.56 | 0.42* | (0.40, 0.44) | 1990−1998 | 0.49* | 1998−2004 | 0.41* | 2004−2007 | 0.77* | 2007−2015 | 0.44* | 2015−2021 | 0.15* | − | − | |
| DPRK | 62.28 | 65.25 | 0.10 | (−0.38, 0.57) | 1990−2000 | −1.59 | 2000−2004 | 3.86* | 2004−2021 | 0.23 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Fiji | 58.51 | 58.21 | 0.00 | (−0.06, 0.05) | 1990−1997 | −0.11* | 1997−2019 | 0.16* | 2019−2021 | −1.36* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| India | 52.08 | 59.14 | 0.41* | (0.38, 0.44) | 1990−1998 | 0.48* | 1998−2002 | 0.79* | 2002−2019 | 0.49* | 2019−2021 | −1.23* | − | − | − | − | |
| Indonesia | 56.46 | 61.57 | 0.25* | (0.14, 0.36) | 1990−2019 | 0.36* | 2019−2021 | −1.30 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| The Islamic Republic of Iran | 58.15 | 63.82 | 0.30* | (0.21, 0.39) | 1990−1992 | 1.96* | 1992−2019 | 0.37* | 2019−2021 | −2.19* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Japan | 69.45 | 73.84 | 0.20* | (0.18, 0.23) | 1990−2004 | 0.25* | 2004−2011 | 0.13* | 2011−2018 | 0.26* | 2018−2021 | 0.03 | − | − | − | − | |
| Lao People's Democratic Republic | 46.55 | 60.09 | 0.83* | (0.81, 0.85) | 1990−1999 | 0.99* | 1999−2012 | 1.07* | 2012−2019 | 0.57* | 2019−2021 | −0.56* | − | − | − | − | |
| Malaysia | 63.22 | 64.01 | 0.12* | (0.09, 0.15) | 1990−2021 | 0.12* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Maldives | 57.65 | 69.33 | 0.60* | (0.54, 0.66) | 1990−2007 | 0.93* | 2007−2019 | 0.36* | 2019−2021 | −0.71 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Mongolia | 55.03 | 61.28 | 0.37* | (0.30, 0.44) | 1990−1995 | −0.18 | 1995−2019 | 0.55* | 2019−2021 | −0.34 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Myanmar | 48.63 | 59.59 | 0.80* | (0.73, 0.87) | 1990−2021 | 0.80* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Nepal | 49.77 | 58.98 | 0.55* | (0.49, 0.61) | 1990−2000 | 1.19* | 2000−2006 | 0.74* | 2006−2019 | 0.37* | 2019−2021 | −2.02* | − | − | − | − | |
| New Zealand | 64.50 | 70.14 | 0.27* | (0.26, 0.28) | 1990−2006 | 0.38* | 2006−2021 | 0.15* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Pakistan | 54.05 | 56.22 | 0.11* | (0.03, 0.19) | 1990−1997 | −0.14 | 1997−2019 | 0.35* | 2019−2021 | −1.72* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Papua New Guinea | 53.82 | 55.91 | 0.15* | (0.08, 0.22) | 1990−1996 | 0.46* | 1996−2006 | 0.13* | 2006−2019 | 0.32* | 2019−2021 | −1.74* | − | − | − | − | |
| Philippines | 59.67 | 60.17 | 0.05* | (0.02, 0.09) | 1990−1995 | 0.46* | 1995−2019 | 0.11* | 2019−2021 | −1.61* | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Republic of Korea | 63.23 | 72.05 | 0.43* | (0.41, 0.44) | 1990−1992 | 0.71* | 1992−2008 | 0.53* | 2008−2019 | 0.34* | 2019−2021 | −0.23* | − | − | − | − | |
| Singapore | 66.86 | 74.96 | 0.37* | (0.34, 0.40) | 1990−2011 | 0.42* | 2011−2019 | 0.34* | 2019−2021 | 0.02 | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Sri Lanka | 61.00 | 66.27 | 0.32* | (0.26, 0.37) | 1990−2021 | 0.32* | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Thailand | 62.03 | 66.54 | 0.23* | (0.16, 0.29) | 1990−1996 | −0.09 | 1996−2004 | 0.34* | 2004−2009 | 0.80* | 2009−2014 | 0.41* | 2014−2019 | 0.07 | 2019−2021 | −0.72* | |
| Timor−Leste | 51.65 | 60.14 | 0.57* | (0.40, 0.74) | 1990−2010 | 0.86* | 2010−2021 | 0.04 | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | |
| Viet Nam | 61.28 | 65.61 | 0.23* | (0.22, 0.24) | 1990−2000 | 0.44* | 2000−2011 | 0.12* | 2011−2019 | 0.22* | 2019−2021 | −0.21* | − | − | − | − | |