Table 3.

The effect of chickpea based functional foods on gut health.

Chickpea based functional foods	Description	Major nutrients	Effects on gut health	References
Chickpea beverages	Fermented beverages and milk	Protein, Carbohydrates, B complex vitamin, Probiotics.	Supports digestion and gut microbiome balance.	[[82], [85]].
Chickpea based instant food products	Bread, pasta, soup mix, pancake mix	Protein, Fiber	Provides protein and prebiotic fiber for flourishing gut microbiota.	[42,86,87].
Chickpea based snacks	Protein bars, crackers, biscuits.	Protein, essential amino acids, dietary fiber	Propionate and butyrate production balances colonocytes and maintains mucosal integrity.	[40,[88], [89]].
Chickpea based dips	Hummus	Protein, fiber	SCFA decreases carcinogenesis in the gut as well as increases the abundance of Bacillus and Bacteroids.	[[41], [90]].
Chickpea based prebiotic foods	Yoghurt, Tempeh.	Prebiotics, protein, dietary fiber.	Promotes gut bacterial growth and aids digestion.	[91,92].