Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort
| Characteristica | Total cohort | Women | Men | P b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of participants | 1,921 | 1,121 | 800 | |
| Age (years) | 58.7 ± 14.7 | 58.5 ± 14.8 | 59.0 ± 14.6 | 0.501 |
| Diabetes (%) | 5.3 | 3.9 | 7.1 | 0.002 |
| Hypertension (%) | 34.0 | 34.8 | 32.9 | 0.382 |
| Current smoking habit (%) | 22.3 | 2.1 | 50.8 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol usec | <0.001 | |||
| Nondrinkers (%) | 47.8 | 67.1 | 20.9 | NA |
| < Two drinks/day (%) | 39.7 | 32.6 | 49.5 | NA |
| ≥ Two drinks/day (%) | 12.5 | 0.3 | 29.6 | NA |
| Physical activities | <0.001 | |||
| Low (%) | 36.1 | 37.5 | 34.3 | NA |
| Moderate (%) | 41.2 | 52.5 | 25.5 | NA |
| High (%) | 22.6 | 10.1 | 40.3 | NA |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.5 ± 3.0 | 22.5 ± 3.1 | 22.5 ± 2.9 | 0.840 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 134 ± 21 | 133 ± 22 | 135 ± 20 | 0.022 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 77 ± 12 | 76 ± 12 | 79 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.5 ± 1.5 | 12.8 ± 1.1 | 14.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.1 (4.9–5.5) | 5.1 (4.8–5.5) | 5.2 (4.9–5.6) | <0.001 |
| IRI (μU/mL) | 31 (17–58) | 33 (19–60) | 26 (13–55) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 199 ± 36 | 206 ± 36 | 189 ± 34 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 59 ± 15 | 60 ± 14 | 56 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Non–HDL-C (mg/dL) | 138 (114–166) | 143 (119–171) | 131 (107–158) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 90 (65–129) | 86 (62–121) | 97 (69–145) | <0.001 |
| TBARS (μmol/L) | 4.7 (3.9–5.8) | 4.6 (3.9–5.7) | 4.9 (4.0–5.9) | 0.003 |
| R-SOD activity (U/mg Hb) | 8.3 ± 1.8 | 8.5 ± 1.9 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable.
a
Values are expressed as mean ± SD for normally distributed variables, which were compared with the use of t tests; for skewed variables, which are given as a median and an IQR in parentheses, P values were calculated with the use of Mann–Whitney test. P values for the categorical variables were estimated with the use of the χ2 test.
b
P < 0.05 is considered a statistically significant difference between men and women.
c
One drink contains approximately 12 g of alcohol.