Table 1.

CARD9 associations in axial spondyloarthritis.

Reference	CARD9 SNP	Main findings
[20]	rs10781499	Increased comorbidity rates due to pleiotropy not heterogeneity (axSpA, Crohn’s disease, Ps, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and ulcerative colitis).
[10]	rs4077515 and rs3812571 (tagged), rs11794847, rs10781505, rs10781499, rs3812570, rs3812571, rs10870149	Association between axSpA and IBD with CARD9; cis-acting effects on CARD9.
[21]	rs10781500	CARD9 strongly associated with disease pathogenesis, may point to mechanism for HLA-B27; supports β-glucan induced disease (IL-23-IL23R-IL-17 pathway).
[22]	rs11145763	Pediatric-age-of-onset autoimmune diseases.
[23]	rs1128905	CARD9 SNP located at exon-intron boundaries, predicted to influence splicing.
[24]	rs4077515, rs3812571	Chinese Han population shows minimal association between these CARD9 variants in axSpA, in contrast to European populations. Highlights importance of racial diversity in association studies.
[25]	rs4077515	Iranian population: CARD9 associated with axSpA in HLA-B27-positive patients, but protective in HLA-B27-negative patients.