Table 2.
Baseline characteristics hypothesized to influence SUD treatment engagement among Navigator trial participants, stratified by behavioral service and 90-day SUD treatment engagement post ED discharge (n = 648).
| Licensed clinical social workers | Certified peer recovery specialists | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics, n (%) | Not engaged (n = 188) |
Engaged (n =137) |
Not engaged (n = 182) |
Engaged (n =141) |
| Predisposing factors | ||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 35 (29 – 46) | 34.5 (30 – 44.5) | 35.0 (29 – 44) | 34 (29 – 41) |
| Race | ||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 6 (3.2) | 3 (2.2) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.8) |
| Asian | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) |
| Black, African, Haitian, or Cape Verdean | 11 (5.9) | 9 (6.6) | 12 (6.6) | 7 (5.0) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| White | 132 (71.0) | 94 (68.6) | 126 (69.2) | 92 (65.3) |
| Mixed, bi-racial, or multi-racial | 16 (8.5) | 11 (8.0) | 20 (11.0) | 14 (9.9) |
| Other | 13 (6.9) | 16 (11.7) | 14 (7.7) | 19 (13.5) |
| Don't Know/Refused | 6 (3.2) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) | 4 (2.8) |
| Missing | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (1.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hispanic/Latina(o) | ||||
| Yes | 29 (15.4) | 20 (14.6) | 29 (15.9) | 29 (20.6) |
| No | 156 (83.0) | 113 (82.5) | 149 (81.9) | 110 (78.0) |
| Don’t Know/Refused | 1 (0.5) | 4 (2.9) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) |
| Missing | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | 1 (0.7) |
| Female sex at birth | 60 (31.9) | 41 (29.9) | 60 (33.0) | 45 (31.9) |
| Enabling factors | ||||
| Baseline health insurance | ||||
| Yes | 164 (87.2) | 125 (91.2) | 157 (86.3) | 130 (92.2) |
| No | 17 (9.0) | 8 (5.8) | 19 (10.4) | 4 (2.8) |
| Don’t Know/Refused | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.7) | 4 (2.8) |
| Missing | 4 (2.1) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (2.1) |
| Baseline monthly income | ||||
| $0 | 41 (21.8) | 40 (29.2) | 36 (19.8) | 41 (29.1) |
| $1 - $500 | 23 (12.2) | 19 (13.9) | 20 (11.0) | 26 (18.4) |
| $501 - $1500 | 61 (32.5) | 42 (30.7) | 60 (33.0) | 30 (21.3) |
| $1501 - $3000 | 26 (13.8) | 23 (16.8) | 32 (17.6) | 18 (12.8) |
| > $3000 | 17 (9.0) | 7 (5.1) | 22 (12.1) | 9 (6.4) |
| Don't Know/Refused | 16 (8.5) | 6 (4.4) | 7 (3.9) | 15 (10.6) |
| Missing | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (2.8) | 2 (1.4) |
| Baseline employment | ||||
| Yes | 55 (29.3) | 40 (29.2) | 60 (33.0) | 26 (18.4) |
| No | 127 (67.6) | 97 (70.8) | 116 (63.7) | 110 (78.0) |
| Don’t know/Refused | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.4) |
| Missing | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.2) | 3 (2.1) |
| Baseline highest education attained | ||||
| Elementary or grade school | 8 (4.3) | 7 (5.1) | 6 (3.3) | 6 (4.3) |
| Some high school | 46 (24.5) | 41 (29.9) | 38 (20.9) | 33 (23.4) |
| Finished high school or GED | 70 (37.2) | 47 (34.3) | 62 (34.1) | 52 (36.9) |
| Some college | 49 (26.1) | 28 (20.4) | 42 (23.1) | 29 (20.6) |
| Trade or technical school | 4 (2.1) | 2 (1.5) | 7 (3.9) | 5 (3.6) |
| College or university degree or higher | 8 (4.3) | 12 (8.8) | 23 (12.6) | 13 (9.2) |
| Don't Know/Refused | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) |
| Missing | 3 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) |
| Lifetime history of unstable housing | 121 (64.4) | 103 (75.2) | 113 (62.1) | 104 (73.8) |
| Lifetime history of barriers to treatment access | ||||
| Yes | 57 (30.2) | 56 (40.9) | 48 (26.4) | 65 (46.1) |
| No | 124 (66.0) | 79 (57.7) | 126 (69.2) | 72 (51.1) |
| Don’t know/Refused | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 5 (2.8) | 2 (1.4) |
| Missing | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (1.4) |
| Lifetime history of arrest | 154 (81.9) | 117 (85.4) | 149 (81.9) | 117 (83.0) |
| Baseline receipt of disability benefits | ||||
| Yes | 51 (27.1) | 30 (21.9) | 47 (25.8) | 31 (22.0) |
| No | 132 (70.2) | 107 (78.1) | 130 (71.4) | 107 (75.9) |
| Don’t know/Refused | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.7) |
| Missing | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.4) |
| Need factors | ||||
| Baseline unhealthy alcohol use | ||||
| Yes | 85 (45.2) | 55 (40.2) | 78 (42.9) | 42 (29.8) |
| No | 85 (45.2) | 72 (52.6) | 79 (43.4) | 77 (54.6) |
| Don’t know/Refused | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.6) | 4 (2.8) |
| Missing | 17 (9.0) | 8 (5.8) | 24 (13.2) | 18 (12.8) |
| Reason for ED visit | ||||
| Opioid overdose | 95 (50.5) | 53 (38.7) | 90 (49.5) | 59 (41.8) |
| Infectious complication of OUD | 5 (2.7) | 10 (7.3) | 12 (6.6) | 9 (6.4) |
| Opioid withdrawal | 6 (3.2) | 8 (5.8) | 9 (5.0) | 11 (7.8) |
| Seeking treatment/detox for opioids | 17 (9.0) | 15 (11.0) | 9 (5.0) | 20 (14.2) |
| Other | 16 (8.5) | 12 (8.8) | 14 (7.7) | 13 (9.2) |
| Not opioid related | 49 (26.1) | 38 (27.7) | 47 (25.8) | 29 (20.6) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Baseline pain | 108 (57.5) | 93 (67.9) | 115 (63.2) | 89 (63.1) |
| Prescription opioid or benzodiazepine use in P6Mb | 120 (63.8) | 99 (72.3) | 109 (59.9) | 94 (66.7) |
| Marijuana use in P6M | 121 (64.4) | 86 (62.8) | 114 (62.6) | 82 (58.2) |
| Illicit substance use in P6Mc | 144 (76.6) | 112 (81.8) | 128 (70.3) | 107 (75.9) |
| Previous opioid overdose in P12Ma | ||||
| Yes | 17 (9.0) | 21 (15.3) | 15 (8.2) | 19 (13.5) |
| No | 171 (91.0) | 115 (83.9) | 166 (91.2) | 122 (86.5) |
| Missing | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0.0) |
| Lifetime history of depressive disorder diagnosis | 89 (47.3) | 77 (56.2) | 90 (49.5) | 81 (57.5) |
| Lifetime history of anxiety disorder diagnosis | 88 (46.8) | 81 (59.1) | 97 (53.3) | 85 (60.3) |
| Lifetime history of bipolar disorder diagnosis | 42 (22.3) | 45 (32.9) | 46 (25.3) | 44 (31.2) |
| Lifetime history of psychosis diagnosis | 21 (11.2) | 17 (12.4) | 13 (7.1) | 14 (9.9) |
| Lifetime history of injecting drugs | 89 (47.3) | 75 (54.7) | 82 (45.1) | 76 (53.9) |
| Lifetime history of any mental health diagnosis | 133 (70.7) | 105 (76.6) | 133 (73.1) | 100 (70.9) |
| Health behavior factors | ||||
| Lifetime history of mental illness treatment | ||||
| Yes | 83 (44.2) | 74 (54.0) | 67 (36.8) | 70 (49.7) |
| No | 85 (45.2) | 48 (35.0) | 87 (47.8) | 55 (39.0) |
| Don’t know/Refused | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (2.1) |
| Missing | 17 (9.0) | 13 (9.5) | 25 (13.7) | 13 (9.2) |
| Lifetime history of addiction treatment | 138 (73.4) | 114 (83.2) | 125 (68.7) | 115 (81.6) |
| Lifetime history of recovery services | ||||
| Yes | 54 (28.7) | 55 (40.2) | 60 (33.0) | 52 (36.9) |
| No | 129 (68.6) | 80 (58.4) | 119 (65.4) | 87 (61.7) |
| Don’t know/Refused | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Missing | 4 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (1.4) |
a
P12M: past 12 months.
b
P6M: past 6 months.
c
Crystal methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, or club drugs in the P6M.