Table 3.

Effects of digital technology-based physical activity promotion.

No.	Author name; year	Study setting	Duration	Outcome measures	Type of physical activity/exercise	Outcome of the study
1.	Louise Poppe et al., 2019.19	Home	5 weeks	Primary outcomes: -The long Dutch version of the international physical activity questionnaire -Longitudinal aging study amsterdam sedentary behavior questionnaire -ActiGraph accelerometers (type GT3X+) Secondary outcomes: -HAPA-based personal determinants for behavior change -Longitudinal aging Study Amsterdam questionnaire -International physical activity questionnaire	Physical activity incorporated into activities of daily living	RCT 1: The PA intervention group showed a decrease in self-reported sitting time (p = 0.09) and an improvement in accelerometer-measured moderate (p= 0.05) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (p = 0.049). The sedentary behavior intervention group showed more breaks from sedentary time, as measured by accelerometers, than the control group (p = 0.005). The intervention group showed a marginal improvement in action planning outcome (p = 0.08).
2.	Morwenna Kirwan et al., 2022.16	Home-based exercise	8 weeks	-Upper body muscular strength -Lower body muscular strength -Aerobic capacity -Flexibility -Balance -Diabetes empowerment scale (DES) -Patient activation measure (PAM)	Dynamic warm-up and cool-down; aerobic, strength, and flexibility activities	The 8-week program resulted in significant improvements in participants' waist sizes, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, flexibility, and balance, in both men and women (all p < 0.001).
3.	Michelle Dugas et al., 2018.18	Home	13 weeks	-Regulatory mode: adapted six-item brief versions of the locomotion and assessment scales -Glycated hemoglobin -Adherence to the app over the course of the 13-weeks	Not reported	Participants with high adherence experienced an average 1.0-point decrease in glycated hemoglobin from the start to the end of the study, after accounting for age and treatment condition.
4	Chenglin Sun et al., 2019.21	Home-based	6 months	-Fasting blood glucose -Postprandial blood glucose -Glycated hemoglobin -Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -BMI -Blood pressure (mm Hg), systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure	-Training on how to gradually achieve 175 min/week of physical activity in 6 months -Daily step count	•In the intervention group, glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly lower at 6 months than at baseline. Additionally, postprandial blood glucose levels in the intervention group showed continuous improvement at 6 months compared with baseline.
5.	Rozmin Jiwani et al., 2022.17	Community/home	6 months	-Fried phenotype criteria -The short physical performance battery -4-meter walk (gait speed test) -Time to complete five repeated chair stands without using the hands -Patient reported outcomes measurement information System-57 -Patient reported outcomes measurement information system global health -Fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin		•At follow-up, frailty scores had improved significantly from (mean ± SD) 1.61 ± 1.15 to 0.94 ± 0.94 (p = 0.01), and bodyweight improved from (mean ± SD) 205.66 ± 45.52 lb. to (mean ± SD) 198.33 ± 43.6 lb. (p ≤ 0.001). •Improvements in exercise were observed (0.68 days/week increase, 95 % CI, 0.14–1.22, p < 0.05).
6.	Kexin Yu et al., 2020.22	Community/home	12 weeks	-Diabetes symptoms, according to the self-completion patient outcome instrument -Diabetes self-care behaviors, according to the summary of diabetes self-care activities (SDSCA)	General physical exercise and physical activity	A specific diet and exercise program resulted in improved self-care behaviors at 4 months. However, the improvements in exercise, blood glucose monitoring, and diet were not maintained at the 8-month follow-up.
7.	João Balsa et al., 2020.20	Community/home	26 days for older adults; 8–10 days for experts	-Portuguese version of the system usability scale -Qualitative and qualitative data from diaries and open-ended questions -Telephone follow-up, digital notes	Not reported	-The aggregated mean system usability scale score was 73.75 (SD 13.31), indicating a borderline excellent rating. -No significant differences were found between the mean scores of the end users (76.59, SD 12.26) and experts (70.2; SD 14.43) (p = 0.34).