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. 2024 Jul 11;26(11):1964–1980. doi: 10.1093/neuonc/noae131

Table 1.

GEMM for Adult Brain Tumor

Method Oncogenic Factors Tissue Specific Medium Survival Tumor Type Genetic Background Ref.
SV40 T-Ag Transgenic SV40 T-Ag GFAPR-drive N/A Astrocytomas,
anaplastic astrocytomas		 C57BL/6 X DBA 15
PDGFR Lentiviral deliver, CreERT2 hPDGF-B, Cdkn2a kd In situ injection 60–80 days Proneural GBM C57BL/6J and 129S1, backcross to C57BL/6J 28
retroviral deliver PDGF, ptenf/f, p53f/f In situ injection 27 days C57BL/6J 119
Lentiviral deliver PDGFA, STOPfl/fl-PDGFRα, TP53fl/fl Spatiotemporal 70 days N/A 27
TP53 Transgenic, CKO p53∆E2–10/∆E2–10 or p53R172H, IDHWT,p53∆E5–6 GFAP-cre 256 days GBM C57BL/6 and 129S1/Svj 120
Transgenic, CKO TP53–/–, NF1fl/fl hGFAP-cre 15 weeks Grades 2–4 astrocytomas C57BL/6, 129S4/SvJae,backcross to C57BL/6 31,32
TP53fl/+, NF1fl/fl 22 weeks GBM
TP53fl/+, NF1+/fl 30 weeks GBM
Transgenic, CKO TP53–/–, NF1fl/fl; TP53–/+, NF1fl/+ hGFAP-cre 18 weeks Grades 3–4 astrocytoma Mixed genetic background of C57/BL6, Sv129, and B6/CBA 35
Transgenic, inducible CKO Nf1fl/+;p53fl/fl;Ptenfl/+and Nf1fl/fl;p53fl/fl Nestin-cre-ERT2 46 weeks High-grade astrocytoma 129Svj/C57Bl6/B6CBA background 34
CKO TP53fl/fl, PTEN fl/+ hGFAP-cre 30 weeks Anaplastic astrocytoma, GBM FvB/C57Bl6 33
CKO TP53fl/fl, PTEN fl/fl Olig1-Cre 90 days GBM C57BL/6J;129Sv 121
CKO TP53fl/fl, PTEN fl/fl Olig2-tva-Cre 115 days GBM
MADR NF1ko, p53ko, ptenko In situ electroporation N/A Oligodendrogliomas C57BL/6J 36
Transgenic NF1+/–, p53+/– Globle 7 months Anaplastic astrocytomas, grade IV astrocytomas Mixed C57BL/6, 129S4/SvJae, backcrossed to wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) 31
SB NRAS-GV12/shTP53/shATRX In situ injection 86 days GBM C57BL/6J 37
NRAS-GV12/shTP53/Pdgfb 74 days GBM C57BL/6J
IDH1
IDH1		 CKI IDH1 R132H Nestin-CreERT2 6–7 months GBM precursors C57BL/6 51
SB IDH1R132H, TP53sh, ATRXsh, NRAS G12V In situ injection 163 days N/A C57BL/6 54
IDH1WT, TP53sh, ATRXsh, NRAS G12V 70 days N/A
CKI IDH1 R132H (PM/Flex) GFAP-creERT2 N/A N/A B6N 53
SB NRAS-GV12/shTP53/shATRX/IDH1-R-132H In situ injection 213 days N/A C57BL/6J 37
EGFR RCAS/tv-a EGFR, INK4a–ARF deletion GFAP or nestin promoter N/A High-grade glioma FVB/N, 129, and C57BL6 19
Transgenic V12Ha-ras, hEGFRvIII hGFAP promoter 2-4 weeks Oligodendrogliomas ICR 21
Transgenic v-erbB(transforming allele of EGFR) S100β promoter N/A Low-grade oligodendroglioma C57B6/JX DBA/2, back-crossed into FVB/N 24
v-erbB, p53-/+ or ink4a/arf–/+, orink4a/arf–/– GBM, high-grade anaplastic oligodendroglioma p53–/– is FVB/N, ink4a/arf–/– is outbred
Transgenic, adenoviruses delivered EGFRvIII hGFAP:V12Ha-Ras, CMV:EGFRvIII hGAP promoter N/A High-grade glioma hGFAP:V12Ha-Ras is ICR 23
Adenoviruses delivered Cre Col1α1-EGFRvIII,EGFRwt, Ink4A/Arf–/–, pten–/– IC injections 6–8 weeks GBM N/A 122
PiggyBac CAG-STOPfl/fl-EGFRvIII, ptenfl/+ Nestin-cre 13 weeks Spinal and brain glioma Mixed FVB;C57BL/6J; C57BL/6J albino background 22
PTEN Transgenic, adenoviruses delivered cre hGFAP:V12Ha-Ras; Ptenfl/fl IC injection, hGFAP promoter 2.5 weeks GBM hGFAP:V12Ha-Ras is ICR 23
RCAS virus Kras, Ntv-a PTENf/f RCAS-Cre, RCAS-Kras N/A GBM Ptenf/f mice were a mixture of 129/Sv, CJ7, and C57BL6/J; tv-a transgenic mice were a mixture of FVB/N, C57BL6, BALB/C, and 129 38
CDKN2A RCAS virus INK4a-ARF–/–, KRAS + AKT NESTIN or GFAP promoter N/A GBM mixture of FVB/N, C57BL6, BALB/C, and 129 42
H-ras Transgenic GFAP-HRasV12;p53KI/KI GFAP-promoter 10 weeks astrocytoma mixed 129SvJ/C57Bl6/CD1 56
Transgenic V12Ha-ras hGFAP promoter 4 weeks Astrocytoma ICR 55
Lentivirus IC injection H-RasV12, AKT,p53-/+ GFAP-cre 100–120 days GBM GFAP-cre and TP53–/– were maintained by backgrossing to C57BL/6 57

Abbreviations: CKI: conditional knock in; CKO: conditional knock out; MADR: mosaic analysis with dual recombinase; RCAS: replication-competent avian sarcoma-leukosis virus (ASLV) long-terminal repeat (LTR) with splice acceptor; SB: sleeping beauty.