Table 2.
Responses to Immunotherapy in Syngeneic Brain Tumor Mouse Models
| Tumor Model | Genetic Background | PD1 | CTLA4 | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gl261 | C57BL/6J, carcinogen induced59 | Anti-PD1 (yes)90,123–125 | Anti-CTLA-4 (no)91,123 | anti-CD40 (no)73 |
| Anti-PD1 (yes, minor)86 | Anti-CTLA-4 (yes, minor)126 | Anti-CD40+ COX-2 inhibitor73(synergistic, minor) | ||
| Anti-PD1 (no)127–129 | anti-CTLA-4 (yes)130 | anti-OX40 (yes)125 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 (yes)84,126,131 | Anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PDL1(synergistic)130 | GVAX (yes, minor)125 | ||
| Anti-PD1+ anti TIGIT (yes, big)86 | Intratumoral IL-12 + anti-CTLA-4 (YES, big)91 | IDO inhibitor (no)130 | ||
| Anti-PD1+ anti TIGIT (yes, mild)127 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + CD40131 stimulation (no synergistic) | STING antonistic93 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + TMZ (synergistic)124 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + anti-IL6 (synergistic)131 | Intratumoral IL-12 (yes, minor)91 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + focal RT (synergistic)88 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + anti-IL6 + CD40 stimulation (overall survival)131 | mImp3 peptide vaccine + PolyIC (yes)132 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + GMCI (synergistic)101 | NKG2D CAR-T (yes, mild)133 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + Zika (synergistic)92 | Anti-IL6 + CD40 stimulation (synergistic)131 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + GVAX (synergistic)125 | Anti-IL6 (minor)131 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-OX40 + GVAX (synergistic, dramatic)125 | CD40 stimulation (minor)131 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-TIM3 + Focal RT87 (overall survival) | Anti-TIM3 (no)87 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + CD40 stimulation (no synergistic)131 | Anti-TIM3 + Focal RT (synergistic)87 | |||
| anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + anti-IL6 (synergistic)131 | Anti-PD1 + anti-TIM3 + focal RT (overall survival)87 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + anti-IL6+ CD40 stimulation (overall survival)131 |
Anti-TIGIT (no)86,127 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-TIM3 + Focal RT (overall survival)87 | Anti-PDL1 (yes)132 | |||
| Anti-PDL1-LNP/CDK5 inhibitor + RT (synergistic)83 | ||||
| Anti-CTLA-4 + anti-PDL1 (synergistic)130 |
||||
| CT2A | C57BL/6J. carcinogen induced58 | Anti-PD1 (yes, minor)100–102 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 + oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (synergistic)97 | STING antonistic94 |
| Anti-PD1(NO)129 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 (no)97 | Anti-PDL1 (yes, minor)132 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + GMCI (synergistic)101 | Anti-CTLA-4 (no)102 | Neoantigen vaccine + PolyIC + anti-PDL1 (yes, synergistic)132 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + Zika (synergistic)92 | Anti-PDL1 + D2C7 (synergistic)102 | |||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4+ Oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (synergistic)97 |
||||
| CT2A | C57BL/6J, carcinogen induced | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4(NO)97 | Anti-PDL1-LNP/CDK5 inhibitor + RT (synergistic)83 | |
| Anti-PD1 + D2C7(synergistic, moderate)102 | ||||
| 005GSC | FVB/N,C57BL/6, backcross to C57BL/657 | Anti-PD1 (no)98 | Anti-CTLA-4 (yes, minor)97 | Oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (yes, minor)97 |
| Anti-PD1 (yes, minor)97 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 (yes)97 | CCR2 antagonist (NO)98 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (synergistic)97 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 + Oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (overall long-term survival)97 | Anti-PDL1 (yes, minor)97 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + CCR2 antagonist (yes, modest)98 | Anti-CTLA-4 + oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (synergistic)97 | Anti-PDL1 + oncolytic virus delivery of IL12 (synergistic)97 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4(YES)97 | ||||
| SMA-560 | VM/Dk, spontaneous model | Anti-PD1 (yes, minor)102 | Anti-CTLA-4 (no)91,102 | Intratumoral IL-12 (yes, minor)91 |
| Anti-PD1 + D2C7 (immunotoxin) (synergistic, moderate)102 |
Anti-CTLA-4 (yes)104 | NKG2D CAR-T (yes)133 | ||
| Anti-CTLA-4 + D2C7 (synergistic, moderate)102 | Anti-PDL1 + D2C7(synergistic)102 | |||
| Intratumoral IL-12 + anti- CTLA-4 (YES, big)91 | ||||
| SB28 | C57BL/6, SB GEMM(NRasV12, TP53 shRNA, and mPDGF)73 | Anti-PD1 + irradiation (no synergistic)95 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 (NO)84 | FLT3L (yes, minor)95 |
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA-4 (NO)84 | anti-CD40 (no)73 | |||
| Anti-CD40 + COX-2 inhibitor (synergistic, minor)73 | ||||
| Anti-PDL1 (yes, minor)95 | ||||
| KR158B | C57BL/6, 129S4/SvJae, backcross to C57BL/6, NF1 and TP53 KO transgenic mice31 | Anti-PD1 (no)90,98 | CCR2 antagonist (yes, modest)98 | |
| Anti-PD1 + CCR2 antagonist (synergistic)98 | ||||
| GEM tumor cell orthotopic injection | Pten–/–, Ink4a-Arf–/–, PDGFb | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + CD40 stimulation + anti-IL6 (synergistic)131 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + CD40 stimulation + anti-IL6 (synergistic)131 | Anti-IL6 (minor)131 |
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + anti-IL6 (same as anti-IL6)131 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 + anti-IL6(same as anti-IL6)131 | CD40 stimulation (no)131 | ||
| Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 (no)131 | Anti-PD1 + anti-CTLA4 (no)131 | |||
| QPP4 | FvBXC57BL/6, QPP GEMM (Qki,TP53,PTEN triple ko)109 | Anti-PD1 (no)110 | Anti-CTLA4 (on)110 | |
| QPP5 | Anti-PD1 (NO)110 | Anti-CTLA4 (YES)110 | ||
| QPP7 | Anti-PD1 (yes)110 | Anti-CTLA4 (yes)110 | ||
| QPP8 | Anti-PD1 (no)110 | Anti-CTLA4 (no)110 |